Table 2.

Anti-toxicity study of A. lappa L. phytochemicals

Phytochemical	Heavy metal	Protective mechanism of phytochemical	References
Chlorogenic acid	Cadmium	60 mg/kg body weight by intragastric route restores the activity of AChE in the brain and inhibits lipid peroxidation	[53]
Arctigenin	Cadmium	80 mg/kg of Arctigenin for one week by gastric gavage modulates Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling in cadmium-treated rats and up-regulates the GSH levels and the activity of SOD in Male Wistar rats	[54]
Chlorogenic acid	Lead	100 µM of Chlorogenic acid in zebrafish protects against Pb-induced developmental neurotoxicity by modulating autophagy and restoring the anti-oxidant enzyme	[55]
Chlorogenic acid	Arsenic trioxide	100 mg/kg of chlorogenic acid by intraperitoneal administration in mice decreases serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP and increases the level of GSH	[56]
Luteolin	Multi-heavy metal mixture	Luteolin 20 µM in HL7702 cells show an inhibitory effect on multi-heavy metal mixture-induced cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1 protein	[57]
Luteolin	Cobalt	Luteolin 100 mg/kg was given oral gavage for eight consecutive days in Wistar rats leading to inhibition of apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT pathway, reduction of oxidative stress through activation of haem oxygenase-1, and regulation of MAP kinases and nitric oxide synthases and reduction in Kim-1 expressions	[58]
Luteolin	Lead	50 mg/kg was given daily by oral route for seven days elevating SOD, CAT, GR, GPx, and GSH and lowering the MDA level in hepatic tissue	[59]
Luteolin	Mercury	Kunming mice were treated with luteolin 100 mg/kg 24 h after administration of 4 mg/kg mercuric chloride reversed the changes in levels of inflammation- and apoptosis-related proteins involving NF-κB, TNF-α, Sirt1, mTOR, Bax, p53, and Bcl-2, and inhibited p38 MAPK activation and prevent hepatic injury	[60]
Hesperidin	Cadmium	100 mg/kg of hesperidin for 28 days in Wistar rats by oral route protects cadmium toxicity by reduced elevated LDL-C and Cholesterol while increasing HDL-C and TG	[61]
Hesperetin	Lead	50 mg/kg/day of hesperetin for 8 weeks reduces ALT, AST, urea, uric acid, and creatinine in the serum of lead-treated rats and protects lead-induced liver and nephrotoxicity	[62]
Quercetin	Cadmium	Cd-induced toxicity in the goat testis in vitro in a dose-(10, 50, and 100 μM) decreased apoptotic attributes and restored CAT, SOD, and GST activity	[63]
Apigenin	Arsenic	Apigenin on PC12 cell malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and ROS in addition to the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules such as catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were assessed	[64]