Table 3.

Linear regression model for factors associated with well-being by age group

	Well-being index (WHO-5)
	18–64 years			65 years or over
	b	95% CI	p-value	b	95% CI	p-value
Age	-0.07	(-0.21, 0.08)	0.358	-0.34	(-0.67, -0.01)	0.043
Sex (ref: male)
female	-0.04	(-3.16, 3.09)	0.982	-1.25	(-4.78, 2.29)	0.489
Education (ref: primary or less)
secondary	1.68	(-2.55, 5.91)	0.436	-0.84	(-4.51, 2.83)	0.654
tertiary	0.93	(-3.73, 5.59)	0.697	-1.29	(-6.28, 3.70)	0.612
Self-reported financial status (ref: good/very good)
satisfactory	-3.56	(-6.75, -0.38)	0.028	-6.29	(-10.12, -2.46)	0.001
bad/very bad	-12.37	(-18.48, -6.27)	< 0.001	-12.05	(-17.99, -6.11)	< 0.001
Marital status (ref: married)
widow	-4.30	(-15.44, 6.83)	0.449	-1.98	(-5.75, 1.78)	0.302
other	0.98	(-2.00, 3.96)	0.519	1.81	(-3.90, 7.53)	0.534
Social support (OSSS-3) (ref: poor)
moderate	3.85	(-0.10, 7.79)	0.056	4.23	(-0.88, 9.34)	0.104
strong	5.54	(0.50, 10.58)	0.031	8.50	(3.11, 13.89)	0.002
Support in personal matter (ref: yes)
no	-0.14	(-5.87, 5.59)	0.962	-7.05	(-15.27, 1.17)	0.093
Number of chronic diseases (ref: < 2)
2 or more	-4.57	(-8.52, -0.63)	0.023	-0.06	(-4.7, 4.58)	0.980
Sense of control over health (ref: less/nothing)
lot/very lot	4.40	(-0.69, 9.48)	0.090	7.23	(2.87, 11.58)	0.001
Limitations in daily activities (ref: no)
yes	-6.03	(-10.10, -1.97)	0.004	-6.04	(-9.74, -2.35)	0.001
Pain (ref.no)
very mild/mild/moderate	-7.41	(-10.65, -4.17)	< 0.001	-4.61	(-8.21, -1.01)	0.012
severe/extreme severe	-8.67	(-15.10, -2.25)	0.008	-13.01	(-19.39, -6.64)	< 0.001
Smoking (ref: never smoked)
yes	-2.65	(-6.14, 0.84)	0.136	0.57	(-3.65, 4.79)	0.791
former	0.56	(-4.07, 5.19)	0.812	0.87	(-3.00, 4.75)	0.659

Statistically significant results (p < 0.05) are shown in bold. WHO-5, 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index; OSSS-3, Oslo Social Support Scale; b, linear regression coefficient; CI, confidence interval