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. 2024 Aug 20;14:19317. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-70205-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electrode-independent facial muscle activation during specific facial exercises performed three times (three runs R1, R2, R3). The x-axis shows the different exercises. The y-axis shows the average values (± 95% confidence interval) of the root-mean-square (rms) of the sEMG amplitudes across all electrodes in µV. R at rest, WF wrinkling of the forehead, CEN closing the eyes normally, CEF closing the eyes forcefully, WN wrinkling of the nose, CMS closed mouth smiling, OMS open mouth smiling, LP lip puckering, BC blowing-out the cheeks, S snarling, DLL depressing lower lips. Asterisks (R1 vs. R2), dots (R1 vs. R3) and triangles (R2 vs. R3) indicate significant differences between the respective runs.