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. 2024 Jul 9;10(15):e34415. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34415

Table 1.

Input‒output variable selection and symbols.

Level-I indicators Level-Ⅱ indicators Level-Ⅲ indicators Symbol
Input Capital stock Fixed assets investment K
Labor force Employed persons L
Energy input Electricity consumption E
Desirable output Economic output Provincial real gross domestic product (GDP) Y
Undesirable output Environmental pollution Industrial wastewater emissions C
Industrial sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions
Industrial dust emissions