Table 1.

A summary of reviews and discussions related to improvements in EV batteries.

Category	Improvement	Parameter	Reference
Anode electrode	Use of Carbon-based (graphite, graphene, graphene oxides)	Maximized cell energy density, high lithium ion mobility, Susceptible to Li plating	Tomaszewka et al. (2019), Nzereogu et al. (2022). [2, 149]
	Metal composites, i.e., Titanium oxides (TiO2), Lithium-titanium oxides (LTO), LMO, Cobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4), Iron oxide (Fe2O4), Nickel oxide (NiO), Alloy Composites, i.e., Si and Sn.
	Graphite + Al2O3	Reversible capacity	Kim et al. (2019). [152]
	Polymer nanocomposites based on graphite (graphene)	High intrinsic carrier mobility, outstanding thermal and electrical conductivity, and improved mechanical strength	Mohan et al. (2019). [155]
	Carbon-coated Si/rGO nanocomposite electrode + Li-ion battery	High reversible specific capacity, excellent cycling stability	Wu et al. (2011). [154]
	TiNb2O7 anodes	High theoretical capacity comparable to graphite, quick Li+ intercalation and deintercalation, longer lifecycle	Li et al. (2016). [161]
	MoS2 with 2D and 3D structures	High reversible specific capacity, outstanding rate performance, high cyclic stability	Perera et al. (2023). [164]
	Metalic Li	High energy density, low power density	Nzereogu et al. (2022), [149]
	Metalic Li + 3D structural matrices electrospun	Improved rate capability, faster Li-ion diffusion, stable cycling, low overpotential for Li plating or stripping	Nzereogu et al. (2022), Boaretto et al. (2021). [149, 165]
	Niobium tungsten oxides anode	High-rate performance, no nanoscalling, fast charging electrode materials, faster diffusion, and increased rate capability.	Griffith et al. (2018). [170]
	LCO + Meso-carbon microbial graphite anodes	Ultra-high areal capacity, High C-rates	Li et al. (2019). [172]
	MSC, SMG, HC	Good specific capacity at high C-rates	Fang et al. (2015) [173].
Cathode electrode	Use of LFP for the cathode	Good thermal stability, good electrochemical performance, and long lifespan	Nitta et al. (2015). [118]
	Use of LCO	Long discharge time, high specific energy, low power output	Shue et al. (2021). [119]
	NMC	High specific energy, high energy, relatively high capacity, high loading capacity, cost-saving, doesn't require built-in circuits.	Xiong S. (2019), Leal et al. (2023), Tallman and Takeuchi (2021). [128, 129, 130]
	NCA	High specific energy, decent specific power, large capacity, long lifecycle	Leal (2023), Tallman and Takeuchi, (2021), Yoshizawa and Ohzuku (2007). [129, 130, 140]
	LMO Or NMC with LTO anodes	Is extremely safe, has a long lifespan, and charges faster than other batteries.
	NMO	Excellent rate capability, excellent cyclic stability, cost-effective, but limited cycle performance	Sun et al. (2018a), Sun et al. (2018b), and Fu et al. (2023) [135, 136, 137]
Separator	Use of polyolefin (PP, PE)-	Good mechanical strengthand chemical stability	(Zhang, Li, Yang, & Chen, 2021; Liu et al., 2020) [106, 110]
	Use of nanofiber (electrospun) separators with nanopore structures	Large specific surface area, small thickness, High porosity, good wettability with the electrolyte, high electrolytic absorption, high ionic conductivity, low mechanical strength	(Leng, Yang, Li, Arifeen, & Ko, 2022; Xing et al., 2022) [107, 111]
	Graphene oxides and their derivatives	Excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, and good electrolytic wettability	(Wang et al., 2019) [113]
	Graphene + Polyimide	Excellent thermal stability, good electrolyte absorption rates, Improved ionic conductivity, superior cycling efficiency and better C-rate discharge capacity	(Roh et al., 2022; Kang et al., 2022) [114, 115]
	Ceramic and polymer composites	Improved ion conductivity and thermal stability by suppressing thermal shrinkage, leading to safer battery.
Electrolyte	LiBF4, LiPF6, LiAsF6 monohydrate, LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2 dissolved in carbonate solvents	dissociate and fully dissolve in non-aqueous media, allowing solvated ions to move in media at high mobility, highly resistant to oxidative decomposition at the cathode and inert.	Luo et al. (2021), Zhang & Ramadass (2012), [133, 189]