Table 2.

Comparison of complexity, speed, and efficiency of vehicle identification models.

Model	Complexity	Speed (km/h)	Efficiency
Cafee [13]	4	6	8
Fast R- [14]	2	9	6
ML Algorithm [15]	3	7	7
DOI T-YOLO [17]	3	7	8
PPO [18]	2	9	7
YOLO-V5 [19]	3	6	7
VGG19	3	11	9