Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies on male physicians
| Study | Location | Time period | Suicides | Effect (95% CI*) | Measure | R1 | R2 | O | E | SE† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lindhardt et al (1963)23 | Denmark | 1935-59 | 67 | 1.53 (1.18 to 1.94) | SMR‡ | — | — | 67 | 43.9 | 0.126 |
| Craig and Pitts (1968)24 | US | 1965-67 | 211 | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.29) | RR‡ | 38.3 | 34.1 | 211 | 187.9 | 0.070 |
| Dean (1969)25 | South Africa | 1960-66 | 22 | 1.26 (0.79 to 1.90) | SMR‡ | — | — | 22 | 17.5 | 0.225 |
| Rich and Pitts (1979)26 | US | 1967-72 | 544 | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.12) | RR‡ | 35.7 | 34.6 | 544 | 528.7 | 0.043 |
| Balogh (1981)27 | Hungary | 1960-64 | 35 | 1.01 (0.70 to 1.40) | SRR‡ | 55.0 | 54.6 | 35 | 34.8 | 0.176 |
| Enstrom (1983)28¶ | California, US | 1950-59 | 54 | 1.82 (1.37 to 2.38) | SMR | — | — | 54 | 29.7 | 0.141 |
| Revicki and May (1985)29 | North Carolina, US | 1978-82 | 13 | 1.20 (0.64 to 2.05) | SMR‡ | — | — | 13 | 10.9 | 0.298 |
| Bämayr and Feuerlein (1986)30 | Upper Bavaria, Germany | 1963-78 | 67 | 1.50 (1.16 to 1.91) | SMR‡ | — | — | 67 | 44.6 | 0.126 |
| OPCS England and Wales A (1986)21§ | England and Wales, UK | 1949-53 | 61 | 2.26 (1.73 to 2.90) | SMR | — | — | 61 | 27.0 | 0.132 |
| OPCS England and Wales B (1986)21§ | England and Wales, UK | 1959-63 | 65 | 1.76 (1.36 to 2.24) | SMR | — | — | 65 | 36.9 | 0.128 |
| OPCS England and Wales C (1986)21§ | England and Wales, UK | 1970-72 | 55 | 3.35 (2.52 to 4.36) | SMR | — | — | 55 | 16.4 | 0.140 |
| OPCS Great Britain (1986)21§ | Great Britain, UK | 1979-83 (ex. 1981) | 65 | 1.72 (1.33 to 2.19) | SMR | — | — | 65 | 37.8 | 0.128 |
| Richings et al (1986)31¶ | England and Wales, UK | 1975 | 6 | 2.21 (0.81 to 4.81) | SMR | — | — | 6 | 2.7 | 0.454 |
| Arnetz et al (1987)32 | Sweden | 1961-70 | 32 | 1.20 (0.82 to 1.70) | SMR | — | — | 32 | 26.7 | 0.185 |
| Rimpelä et al (1987)33 | Finland | 1971-80 | 17 | 1.28 (0.75 to 2.05) | SRR‡ | — | — | 17 | 13.3 | 0.258 |
| Kono et al (1988)34 | Japan | 1973-83 | 3 | 0.15 (0.03 to 0.45) | SMR | — | — | 3 | 19.7 | 0.676 |
| Schlicht et al (1990)35 | Australia | 1950-86 | 10 | 1.13 (0.54 to 2.07) | SMR | — | — | 10 | 8.9 | 0.343 |
| Stefansson and Wicks (1991)17¶ | Sweden | 1971-85 (ex. 1980) | 113 | 2.03 (1.68 to 2.44) | SRR‡ | 80.7 | 39.7 | 113 | 55.6 | 0.096 |
| Shima et al (1992)36¶ | Chiba prefecture, Japan | 1984-88 | 2 | 0.36 (0.04 to 1.30) | SMR | — | — | 2 | 5.6 | 0.866 |
| Herner (1993)37 | Sweden | 1989-91 | 17 | 1.10 (0.64 to 1.76) | RR‡ | 45 | 40.9 | 17 | 15.5 | 0.258 |
| Lindeman et al (1997)38 | Finland | 1986-93 | 35 | 0.90 (0.63 to 1.25) | SMR | — | — | 35 | 38.9 | 0.176 |
| Rafnsson and Gunnarsdottir (1998)39 | Iceland | 1951-95 | 7 | 1.01 (0.41 to 2.08) | SMR‡ | — | — | 7 | 6.9 | 0.417 |
| Juel et al (1999)40 | Denmark | 1973-92 | 168 | 1.64 (1.40 to 1.91) | SMR | — | — | 168 | 102.4 | 0.079 |
| Hawton et al (2001)41 | England and Wales, UK | 1991-95 | 42 | 0.67 (0.48 to 0.90) | SMR | — | — | 42 | 62.9 | 0.160 |
| Hostettler and Minder (2002)42 | Switzerland | 1979-92 | 39 | 1.48 (1.05 to 2.02) | SMR | — | — | 39 | 26.4 | 0.167 |
| Innos et al (2002)43 | Estonia | 1983-98 | 6 | 0.58 (0.21 to 1.26) | SMR | — | — | 6 | 10.3 | 0.454 |
| Shin et al (2005)44 | South Korea | 1992-2002 | 43 | 0.51 (0.37 to 0.69) | SMR | — | — | 43 | 84.3 | 0.158 |
| Meltzer et al (2008)45 | England and Wales, UK | 2001-05 | 58 | 0.69 (0.52 to 0.89) | SMR | — | — | 58 | 84.1 | 0.136 |
| Petersen and Burnett (2008)46 | 26 states, US | 1984-92 | 181 | 0.80 (0.69 to 0.93) | SRR | — | — | 181 | 226.3 | 0.076 |
| Skegg et al (2010)47 | New Zealand | 1973-2004 (ex. 1996-97) | 25 | 0.60 (0.39 to 0.89) | SMR | — | — | 25 | 41.7 | 0.210 |
| Aasland et al (2011)48 49 | Norway | 1960-2000 | 98 | 1.77 (1.44 to 2.16) | SRR | — | — | 98 | 55.4 | 0.104 |
| Palhares-Alves et al (2015)50 | Sao Paolo, Brazil | 2000-09 | 38 | 0.65 (0.46 to 0.90) | RR‡ | 4.9 | 7.5 | 38 | 58.2 | 0.169 |
| Claessens (2016)51 | Flanders, Belgium | 2004-11 | 31 | 0.71 (0.48 to 1.01) | RR‡ | 25 | 35.1 | 31 | 43.5 | 0.188 |
| Davis et al A (2021)22§¶ | 16 states, US | 2007-08 | 66 | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.10) | RR‡ | 22.9 | 26.6 | 66 | 76.7 | 0.127 |
| Davis et al B (2021)22§¶ | 33-38 states, US | 2017-18 | 182 | 0.97 (0.83 to 1.12) | RR‡ | 31.5 | 32.6 | 182 | 188.4 | 0.075 |
| Gold et al (2021)52 | 27 states, US | 2010-15 | 307 | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.96) | SMR‡ | — | — | 307 | 356.6 | 0.058 |
| Ye et al (2021)53¶ | 32 states, US | 2016 | 110 | 0.70 (0.57 to 0.84) | SRR‡ | 20.71 | 29.73 | 110 | 157.9 | 0.098 |
| Herrero-Huertas et al (2022)54 | Spain | 2001-11 | 55 | 0.61 (0.46 to 0.80) | SRR‡ | — | — | 55 | 89.9 | 0.140 |
| FSO Switzerland, 2008-2055 56** | Switzerland | 2008-20 | 53 | 0.79 (0.60 to 1.04) | SMR‡ | — | — | 53 | 66.7 | 0.142 |
| ONS England, 2011-2057** | England, UK | 2011-20 | 112 | 0.58 (0.48 to 0.70) | SRR‡ | 10.85 | 18.65 | 112 | 192.5 | 0.097 |
| Petrie et al (2023)58 | Australia | 2001-17 | 90 | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.19) | SRR‡ | 15 | 15.5 | 90 | 93.0 | 0.108 |
| Zimmermann et al (2023)59 | Austria | 1998-2020 | 98 | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.96) | SMR | — | — | 147 | 198.6 | 0.104 |
E=expected number of suicides; O=observed number of suicides; R1=rate of physician target population; R2=rate of reference population; RR=rate ratio; SMR=standardised mortality ratio; SRR=standardised rate ratio.
*
Confidence intervals calculated by reviewers based on Fisher's exact test.60
†
Standard error calculated by reviewers with formula recommended by Cochrane handbook.12
‡
Effect estimate calculated by reviewers.
§
Effect estimates for different time periods from same study.
¶
Not all reported effect estimates from this study are included to avoid time period overlap with other studies from same location.
**
Unpublished.