Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies on female physicians
| Study | Location | Time period | Suicides | Effect (95% CI*) | Measure | R1 | R2 | O | E | SE† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Craig and Pitts (1968)24 | US | 1965-67 | 17 | 3.55 (2.07 to 5.69) | RR‡ | 40.5 | 11.4 | 17 | 4.8 | 0.258 |
| Pitts et al (1979)61 | US | 1967-72 | 49 | 3.57 (2.64 to 4.72) | RR‡ | 40.7 | 11.4 | 49 | 13.7 | 0.148 |
| Bämayr and Feuerlein (1986)30 | Upper Bavaria, Germany | 1963-78 | 27 | 3.21 (2.12 to 4.67) | SMR‡ | — | — | 27 | 8.4 | 0.202 |
| OPCS England and Wales (1986)21 | England and Wales, UK | 1979-83 (ex. 1981) | 14 | 3.10 (1.70 to 5.20) | SMR | — | — | 14 | 4.5 | 0.286 |
| Arnetz et al (1987)32 | Sweden | 1961-70 | 10 | 5.70 (2.74 to 10.51) | SMR | — | — | 10 | 1.8 | 0.343 |
| Stefansson and Wicks (1991)17¶ | Sweden | 1971-85 (ex. 1980) | 25 | 2.85 (1.85 to 4.21) | SRR‡ | 49.3 | 17.3 | 25 | 8.8 | 0.210 |
| Herner (1993)37 | Sweden | 1989-91 | 8 | 2.32 (1.00 to 4.57) | RR‡ | 39 | 16.8 | 8 | 3.4 | 0.387 |
| Lindeman et al (1997)38 | Finland | 1986-93 | 16 | 2.40 (1.37 to 3.90) | SMR | — | — | 16 | 6.7 | 0.266 |
| Juel et al (1999)40 | Denmark | 1973-92 | 26 | 1.68 (1.10 to 2.46) | SMR | — | — | 26 | 15.5 | 0.206 |
| Hawton et al (2001)41 | England and Wales, UK | 1991-95 | 15 | 2.02 (1.13 to 3.33) | SMR | — | — | 15 | 7.4 | 0.276 |
| Innos et al (2002)43 | Estonia | 1983-98 | 5 | 0.62 (0.20 to 1.45) | SMR | — | — | 5 | 8.1 | 0.503 |
| Shin et al (2005)44 | South Korea | 1992-2002 | 3 | 0.57 (0.12 to 1.67) | SMR | — | — | 3 | 5.3 | 0.676 |
| Meltzer et al (2008)45 | England and Wales, UK | 2001-05 | 25 | 1.52 (0.98 to 2.24) | SMR | — | — | 25 | 16.5 | 0.210 |
| Petersen and Burnett (2008)46 | 26 states, US | 1984-92 | 22 | 2.39 (1.50 to 3.62) | SRR | — | — | 22 | 9.2 | 0.225 |
| Skegg et al (2010)47 | New Zealand | 1973-2004 (ex. 1996-97) | 2 | 0.40 (0.05 to 1.45) | SMR | — | — | 2 | 5.0 | 0.866 |
| Aasland et al (2011)48 49 | Norway | 1960-2000 | 13 | 2.93 (1.56 to 5.01) | SRR | — | — | 13 | 4.4 | 0.298 |
| Palhares-Alves et al (2015)50 | Sao Paolo, Brazil | 2000-09 | 12 | 1.45 (0.75 to 2.53) | RR‡ | 2.9 | 2.0 | 12 | 8.3 | 0.311 |
| Claessens (2016)51 | Flanders, Belgium | 2004-11 | 10 | 1.68 (0.81 to 3.09) | RR‡ | 23.7 | 14.1 | 10 | 6.0 | 0.343 |
| Davis et al A (2021)22§¶ | 16 states, US | 2007-08 | 9 | 1.04 (0.48 to 1.98) | RR‡ | 7.2 | 6.9 | 9 | 8.6 | 0.363 |
| Davis et al B (2021)22§¶ | 33-38 states, US | 2017-18 | 39 | 1.17 (0.84 to 1.61) | RR‡ | 10.1 | 8.6 | 39 | 33.2 | 0.167 |
| Gold et al (2021)52 | 27 states, US | 2010-15 | 50 | 0.89 (0.66 to 1.17) | SMR‡ | — | — | 50 | 56.4 | 0.146 |
| Ye et al (2021)53¶ | 32 states, US | 2016 | 27 | 1.22 (0.81 to 1.78) | SRR‡ | 9.83 | 8.03 | 27 | 22.1 | 0.202 |
| Herrero-Huertas et al (2022)54 | Spain | 2001-11 | 16 | 0.84 (0.48 to 1.36) | SRR‡ | — | — | 16 | 19.0 | 0.266 |
| FSO Switzerland, 2008-202055 56** | Switzerland | 2008-20 | 17 | 1.23 (0.72 to 1.97) | SMR‡ | — | — | 17 | 13.8 | 0.258 |
| ONS England, 2011-202057** | England, UK | 2011-20 | 56 | 0.97 (0.74 to 1.26) | SRR‡ | 5.4 | 5.55 | 56 | 57.6 | 0.138 |
| Petrie et al (2023)58 | Australia | 2001-17 | 31 | 2.55 (1.73 to 3.62) | SRR‡ | 7.9 | 3.1 | 31 | 12.2 | 0.188 |
| Zimmermann et al (2023)59 | Austria | 1998-2020 | 43 | 1.55 (1.12 to 2.09) | SMR | — | — | 43 | 27.7 | 0.158 |
E=expected number of suicides; O=observed number of suicides; R1=rate of physician target population; R2=rate of reference population; RR=rate ratio; SMR=standardised mortality ratio; SRR=standardised rate ratio.
*
Confidence intervals calculated by reviewers based on Fisher's exact test.60
†
Standard error calculated by reviewers with formula recommended by Cochrane handbook.12
‡
Effect estimate calculated by reviewers.
§
Effect estimates for different time periods from same study.
¶
Not all reported effect estimates from this study are included to avoid time period overlap with other studies from same location.
**
Unpublished.