Table 1.

Clinical evaluation of several herbs on cardiovascular disease.

Herb	Formulation	Duration	Study type	Result	Safety	References
Curcuma longa	1. Curcumin extract (low dosage 3 times 15 mg/day; medium dose 3 times 30 mg/day; large dose 3 times 60 mg/day)	10 months	Randomized double blind controlled trial performed on 72 acute coronary syndrome patients.	Lowered the level of total and LDL cholesterol.	Safe, well-tolerated and efficacious	[74]
	2. Curcuminoids supplement (1000 mg/day co-administered with piperine 10 mg/day)	8 weeks	Randomized placebo-controlled trial performed on 118 subjects.	Curcumin treatment lowered the chance of developing acute cardiovascular events in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes along with dyslipidemia	No significant adverse effects.	[75]
	3. Curcuminoids supplement (1 g/day)	1 month	Randomized Crossover Trial performed on 30 patients.	Curcuminoid administration leads to a considerable decrease in blood triglyceride levels.	No significant adverse effects.	[76]
Gentiana lutea	1. Extract of bergamot (150 mg/day)	6 months	open-label clinical trial performed on 80 human subjects (42 men and 38 women,) with moderate hypercholesterolemia.	Bergamot was observed to decrease total cholesterol (LDL and triglycerides). An increase in HDL level	Not available	[62]
	2. Two capsules each day (total 500 mg of bergamot fruit extract & 220 mg of phytochemical complex combination).	12 weeks	An observational, one-arm research was done with 11 human subjects to assess a mixture of 9 plant extracts, including bergamot fruit extract.	A decrease in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B was identified.	safe and effective	[77]
	3. 500 mg /day Bergamot Polyphenol Fraction (BPF) 1000 mg/day (BPF) Placebo tablet had no active ingredients	1 month	Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled performed on 237 subjects.	Lowered the level of total and LDL cholesterol as well as increased HDL level	Mild stomach pyrosis was found.	[78]
Ginkgo biloba	1. Ginkgo biloba extract (300 mg/day)	4 month	A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on treadmill walking time among 62 adults with peripheral artery disease.	Ginkgo biloba generated a minor increase in maximum treadmill walking duration and flow-mediated vasodilation in older persons with peripheral artery disease.	No significant adverse effects.	[79]
	2. Ginkgo biloba pills and placebo	58 weeks	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period crossover trial performed on 12 subjects.	Improving glucose regulation can prevent diabetes and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.	Not available	[80]
	3.Ginkgo biloba dropping pills	12 weeks	Randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel-group and multicentre clinical trial conducted in 72 patient	It improves the frequency and quality of life for people with stable angina pectoris and depressive symptoms.	Dizziness, fatigue, facial flushing and dry throat	[81]
Zingiber officinale	1. Ginger capsules 3 g/day in 3 split doses, and the control group received lactose capsules 3 g/day in 3 split doses	45 days	A double-blind-controlled trial was performed on 45 patients	Ginger significantly reduces the low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and cholesterol	Not available	[82]
	2. Ginger supplement (3 g/day)	30 days	Meta-analysis of prospective studies performed on 100 Hyperlipidemic patients	Significantly reduce triglyceride	Not available	[83]
	3. Ginger powder in capsules (3 g/day)	8 weeks	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on 88 sufferers	Significantly reduce LDL level.	Not available	[84]