. 2024 Aug 20;24:569. doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-06009-2

Table 3.

Tables reporting studies on smoking

Study Title	Type of Study	Population	Intervention Framing	Aims	Intervention	Relevant Outcome Measures	Relevant Findings
Corona et al., 2020 [63]	Randomised controlled trial (between and within group comparison)	N=40 (72% M), USA. 13-17^a year olds who meet DSM-V ADHD criteria.	Adolescents with ADHD are more prone to tobacco use (as well as heavier and earlier use). There is poor evidence around prevention interventions in this context.	This study aimed to assess the feasibility of, and provide preliminary evidence for, a tobacco prevention intervention in adolescents with ADHD.	Supporting Teens Academics Needs Daily Group (STAND-G) with tobacco prevention skills (TPS) from the Strengthening Families Programme	Monitoring the Future Survey (frequency of substance use). Scales examining smoking intention/susceptibility, tobacco refusal intention and beliefs about smoking were studied using scales derived from elsewhere in the literature.	Significant differences in intention to smoke between groups (p=0.005, Cohen’s d=0.75). Good adherence to the intervention was noted (94.2%). Mean session attendance across arms was 86%.
Kollins et al., 2010 [64]	Two group intervention study (ADHD vs Non-ADHD)	N=46 (49% M), USA. 18-50^a year olds who smoke regularly with or without ADHD (ADHD group meeting DSM-IV criteria)	Impulsivity and poorer inhibitory control may explain why those with ADHD find it more difficult to quit smoking. Contingent reinforcement may address this problem.	This study aimed to review the efficacy of monetary incentives in smoking cessation, comparing ADHD and non-ADHD.	Monetary incentives ($4 on day 1 increasing in $4 increments/day abstinent, to a total of $370).	Proportional of sample abstinent from smoking (confirmed using expired carbon monoxide).	Abstinence of 64% at Day 12 in the ADHD group versus 50% in the non ADHD group, and 23% abstinence in the ADHD group 10 days after the intervention finished (vs 9% in non-ADHD group).
Bjork et al., 2020 [54]	Single group intervention study (pre and post intervention)	N=48 (mean age 36 (standard deviation, 11)^a 40% M), Sweden. Adults with self-reported ADHD and a self-reported mental illness.	Physical comorbidity in ADHD may be related to behavioural and mental health.	The aim was to develop a lifestyle intervention and evaluate its mental/physical health impacts.	20 week health education programme exploring relationships, health education and cognitive support.	Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, Lifestyle-Performance-Health Questionnaire (measuring sedentary habits, eating habits, tobacco use and weekly physical activity), VO2 max (a measure of aerobic fitness).	Slight improvements in weekly physical activity (p=0.019), but no significant improvements in tobacco use or eating habits. General health significantly improved (p=0.025) as per Lifestyle Performance Health Questionnaire. No significant improvements in Vo2 max. No significant changes in body habitus. At least 70% of sessions were attended by all participants. Peer support highlighted as important to intervention in discussion.

Study Title

Type of Study

Population

Intervention Framing

Aims

Intervention

Relevant Outcome Measures

Relevant Findings

Corona et al., 2020 [63]

Randomised controlled trial (between and within group comparison)

N=40 (72% M), USA.

13-17^a year olds who meet DSM-V ADHD criteria.

Adolescents with ADHD are more prone to tobacco use (as well as heavier and earlier use). There is poor evidence around prevention interventions in this context.

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of, and provide preliminary evidence for, a tobacco prevention intervention in adolescents with ADHD.

Supporting Teens Academics Needs Daily Group (STAND-G) with tobacco prevention skills (TPS) from the Strengthening Families Programme

Monitoring the Future Survey (frequency of substance use). Scales examining smoking intention/susceptibility, tobacco refusal intention and beliefs about smoking were studied using scales derived from elsewhere in the literature.

Significant differences in intention to smoke between groups (p=0.005, Cohen’s d=0.75). Good adherence to the intervention was noted (94.2%).

Mean session attendance across arms was 86%.

Kollins et al., 2010 [64]

Two group intervention study (ADHD vs Non-ADHD)

N=46 (49% M), USA.

18-50^a year olds who smoke regularly with or without ADHD (ADHD group meeting DSM-IV criteria)

Impulsivity and poorer inhibitory control may explain why those with ADHD find it more difficult to quit smoking. Contingent reinforcement may address this problem.

This study aimed to review the efficacy of monetary incentives in smoking cessation, comparing ADHD and non-ADHD.

Monetary incentives ($4 on day 1 increasing in $4 increments/day abstinent, to a total of $370).

Proportional of sample abstinent from smoking (confirmed using expired carbon monoxide).

Abstinence of 64% at Day 12 in the ADHD group versus 50% in the non ADHD group, and 23% abstinence in the ADHD group 10 days after the intervention finished (vs 9% in non-ADHD group).

Bjork et al., 2020 [54]

Single group intervention study (pre and post intervention)

N=48 (mean age 36 (standard deviation, 11)^a 40% M), Sweden.

Adults with self-reported ADHD and a self-reported mental illness.

Physical comorbidity in ADHD may be related to behavioural and mental health.

The aim was to develop a lifestyle intervention and evaluate its mental/physical health impacts.

20 week health education programme exploring relationships, health education and cognitive support.

Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, Lifestyle-Performance-Health Questionnaire (measuring sedentary habits, eating habits, tobacco use and weekly physical activity), VO2 max (a measure of aerobic fitness).

Slight improvements in weekly physical activity (p=0.019), but no significant improvements in tobacco use or eating habits. General health significantly improved (p=0.025) as per Lifestyle Performance Health Questionnaire. No significant improvements in Vo2 max. No significant changes in body habitus. At least 70% of sessions were attended by all participants. Peer support highlighted as important to intervention in discussion.

Under population, N denotes sample size, %M denotes the percentage of men in each study

^astudies which include an age range broader than 16-25