. 2024 Aug 20;24:569. doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-06009-2

Table 6.

Studies addressing a component of physical health without a singular defined physical health problem

Study Title	Type of Study	Population	Intervention Framing	Aims	Intervention	Relevant Outcome Measures	Relevant Findings
Enggaard et al., 2021 [73]	Single group intervention study (pre vs post comparison)	N=10 (70% M), Denmark. 13-17^a year olds with clinically-diagnosed ADHD and a comorbid medical disorder.	Children with ADHD are at highest risk of medical comorbidity. Furthermore, ADHD is associated with more difficulties in self-management and greater dependence on parents.	The aim was to study the impact of intervention on the support from nurses and parents, and the adolescent’s self-management .	Guided self-determination around professional communication and self-reflection.	Patient Activation Measure (PAM), Healthcare Climate Questionnaire (HCCQ), Perception of Parents Scale (POPS)	Slight increases in PAM (statistical significance not provided), stability of HCCQ and POPS. Qualitatively, improvements in self-confidence and strategy development. 7/10 adolescents attended all sessions.
Mei-Rong et al., 2019 [74]	Single group intervention study (pre vs post comparison) compared with previous study data	N=124 (54% M), China (Mean age 27.1±4.81/26.8±5.4^a (CBT vs CBT + medication groups). Sample was drug naïve outpatients with adult ADHD diagnoses	ADHD medications have problems with adherence, side-effects and addiction. Psychotherapy has demonstrable neurobiological impacts that may help to remedy the impacts of ADHD on neuronal networks.	This study aimed to review the effects of medication and psychotherapy on ADHD symptoms and executive functions.	Medication (methylphenidate or atomoxetine) versus medication + CBT for 12 weeks.	World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief version (WHOQOL- BREF)	Significant improvements in the WHOQOL-PREF in the CBT only group, but not in the CBT + medication group (p<0.01, Cohen’s D=0.01).
Geissler et al., 2018 [75]	RCT Protocol	N=160 12-17^a year olds with diagnosed ADHD (DSM-V criteria) with continued marked impairment despite at least 6 months of routine ADHD care (by Clinical Global Impression (CGI) severity scale)	ADHD is associated with a range of poor health, functional and social outcomes. Targeted psychosocial interventions in adolescents are required to improve function and impairment.	This study aims to assess a novel intervention (Individualised Modular Treatment Programme (IMTP)), versus active control (telephone assisted self-help (TASH) for parents).	Following four weeks of treatment as usual, participants still with marked impairment will be randomised to IMTP or TASH. IMTP consists of 10 sessions (1 hour long, over 12 weeks) of a CBT intervention. It consists of 4 mandatory and 6 tailored sessions related to ADHD. It includes a session on substance use. TASH consists of 8 leaflets on parenting adolescents with ADHD, accompanied by 10 sessions of counselling via phone (30 minutes each).	Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children and Young People (KIDSCREEN-10)

Study Title

Type of Study

Population

Intervention Framing

Aims

Intervention

Relevant Outcome Measures

Relevant Findings

Enggaard et al., 2021 [73]

Single group intervention study (pre vs post comparison)

N=10 (70% M), Denmark.

13-17^a year olds with clinically-diagnosed ADHD and a comorbid medical disorder.

Children with ADHD are at highest risk of medical comorbidity. Furthermore, ADHD is associated with more difficulties in self-management and greater dependence on parents.

The aim was to study the impact of intervention on the support from nurses and parents, and the adolescent’s self-management .

Guided self-determination around professional communication and self-reflection.

Patient Activation Measure (PAM), Healthcare Climate Questionnaire (HCCQ), Perception of Parents Scale (POPS)

Slight increases in PAM (statistical significance not provided), stability of HCCQ and POPS. Qualitatively, improvements in self-confidence and strategy development. 7/10 adolescents attended all sessions.

Mei-Rong et al., 2019 [74]

Single group intervention study (pre vs post comparison) compared with previous study data

N=124 (54% M), China (Mean age 27.1±4.81/26.8±5.4^a (CBT vs CBT + medication groups).

Sample was drug naïve outpatients with adult ADHD diagnoses

ADHD medications have problems with adherence, side-effects and addiction. Psychotherapy has demonstrable neurobiological impacts that may help to remedy the impacts of ADHD on neuronal networks.

This study aimed to review the effects of medication and psychotherapy on ADHD symptoms and executive functions.

Medication (methylphenidate or atomoxetine) versus medication + CBT for 12 weeks.

World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief version (WHOQOL- BREF)

Significant improvements in the WHOQOL-PREF in the CBT only group, but not in the CBT + medication group (p<0.01, Cohen’s D=0.01).

Geissler et al., 2018 [75]

RCT Protocol

N=160 12-17^a year olds with diagnosed ADHD (DSM-V criteria) with continued marked impairment despite at least 6 months of routine ADHD care (by Clinical Global Impression (CGI) severity scale)

ADHD is associated with a range of poor health, functional and social outcomes. Targeted psychosocial interventions in adolescents are required to improve function and impairment.

This study aims to assess a novel intervention (Individualised Modular Treatment Programme (IMTP)), versus active control (telephone assisted self-help (TASH) for parents).

Following four weeks of treatment as usual, participants still with marked impairment will be randomised to IMTP or TASH. IMTP consists of 10 sessions (1 hour long, over 12 weeks) of a CBT intervention. It consists of 4 mandatory and 6 tailored sessions related to ADHD. It includes a session on substance use. TASH consists of 8 leaflets on parenting adolescents with ADHD, accompanied by 10 sessions of counselling via phone (30 minutes each).

Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children and Young People (KIDSCREEN-10)

Under population, N denotes sample size, %M denotes the percentage of men in each study

^astudies which include an age range broader than 16-25