Table 1.
Past-Year Prevalence of POUD, Individual Symptoms, and the Number of Symptoms by Prescription Opioid Misuse Status Among US Adults With Past-Year Use of Prescription Opioids (N = 11,090)
| POUD based on DSM-5 criteria | Adults reporting Rx opioid misuse n = 1,556 wtd % (95% CI) | Adults reporting Rx opioid use without misusea n = 9,534 wtd % (95% CI) | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meeting ≥2 Rx OUD criteria | 22.0 (18.6–25.8) | 4.9 (4.2–5.7) | 4.5 (3.6–5.6) |
|
| |||
| Meeting a specific Rx OUD criterion | |||
| 1. Often taken in larger amounts, longer than intended | 11.9 (9.1–15.4) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 7.1 (5.0–10.2) |
| 2. Unsuccessful efforts to cut down/control use | 12.3 (9.6–15.5) | 6.4 (5.5–7.4) | 1.9 (1.5–2.6) |
| 3. Spending a great deal of time obtaining, using, recovering | 12.4 (10.1–15.1 ) | 5.9 (5.0–7.0) | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) |
| 4. Craving/strong urge to use | 19.8 (16.2–23.9) | 6.2 (5.5–6.9) | 3.2 (2.6–4.0) |
| 5. Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work/school/home | 7.0 (4.7–10.4) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 10.1 (6.2–16.4) |
| 6. Continued use despite social problems | 6.0 (4.1–8.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 11.1 (6.1–20.1 ) |
| 7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities given up or reduced because of use | 8.6 (6.1–11.9) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 5.5 (3.3–9.1 ) |
| 8. Recurrent use in physically hazardous situations | 4.6 (2.9–7.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 11.2 (6.0–21.0) |
| 9. Continued use despite physical, psychological problems | 6.9 (4.9–9.6) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1 ) | 8.6 (2.1–5.2) |
| 10. Increased amount of substance needed to achieve same effect | 19.0 (15.6–23.0) | ||
| 11. Withdrawal symptoms or the same or related substance is taken to avoid withdrawal symptoms | 19.2 (15.8–23.2) | ||
|
| |||
| Number of Rx OUD symptoms | |||
| OUD: 0 symptomb | 60.2 (55.4–64.9) | 84.3 (82.9–85.6) | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) |
| OUD: 1 symptomb | 17.7 (13.6–22.7) | 10.9 (9.8–12.0) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) |
| OUD: 2 symptomsb | 5.8 (3.9–8.7) | 2.9 (2.4–3.6) | 2.0 (1.2–3.3) |
| OUD: 3 symptomsb | 3.1 (2.1–4.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) | 3.2 (1.9–5.5) |
| OUD: 4 symptomsb | 3.0 (1.9–4.9) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 5.7 (2.8–11.7) |
| OUD: 5 symptomsb | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 7.8 (3.3–18.1 ) |
| OUD: ≥6 symptoms | 7.7 (5.5–10.7) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 50.9 (24.5–105.8) |
a
For those without prescription opioid misuse, POUD is based on 9 DSM-5 criteria (without counting withdrawal and tolerance).
b
Analyses were limited to respondents without missing data on Rx OUD symptoms.
Abbreviations: OUD = opioid use disorder, POUD = prescription-related opioid use disorder, Rx = prescription, wtd = weighted.