Figure 1. The formation of ELYSAs prevents the acidification of lysosomes in oocytes.

In immature oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage (grey, left), endosomes (white) and lysosomes (blue) assemble in large spherical structures called ELYSAs. The formation of an ELYSA prevents the assembly of v-ATPase (green; top left inset) on the surface of the lysosomes it contains by blocking the recruitment of the V1 subunit (red), and this in turn prevents acidification of the lysosomes. As the GV oocyte matures into an MII oocyte (middle), ELYSAs fuse with one another to form even bigger structures that can measure 7–8 microns across, and these move towards the periphery of the cell. After the MII oocyte has been fertilized, ELYSAs begin to disassemble in the 2 cell stage embryo (right). This allows V1 to bind to v-ATPase (top right inset), which leads to an influx of protons into the lysosomes (red), creating an acidic environment that increases degradation within the lysosomes. ELYSA: endosomal-lysosomal organellar assembly.

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