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. 2024 Aug 14;632(8026):841–849. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07799-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a, Top, behavioural performance on the first inference trial for patients that performed inference after instructions (n = 10 sessions, post-instruction), those that did not perform inference even after instructions (n = 8 sessions, not exhibited) and those that performed inference already before instructions (n = 6 sessions, pre-instruction). Error bars are ±s.e.m. across sessions and P values are rank-sum session 1 versus 2. Bottom, schematic of the experiment. Session before and after high-level instructions are referred to as sessions 1 and 2, respectively. b–d, Encoding of context during the stimulus period in different groups of patients. The first trial following a switch is excluded from this analysis. *P < 0.05 against null in any column of a given geometric measure plot estimated empirically from the null distribution. b, Post-instruction group. Context was significantly decodable in session 2 correct but not error trials and also not in session 1 (P₁ = 0.17, P_1(correct) = 0.016, P_RS = 3.1 × 10⁻¹⁹, P_2(error) = 0.99). c, Not exhibited group. Context was not significantly decodable (P₁ = 0.44, P₂ = 0.42). d, Pre-instruction group. Context was decodable in session 1 (P₁ = 0.014, P_Two = 0.17). e, Summary of changes due in instructions based on the PS for context. Neuron counts are equalized across groups by subsampling. Context PS increases significantly from session 1 to 2 in the post-instruction group (P_{Postinstruction,i} = 0.20, P_{Postinstruction,2} = 0.0028). Context PS is not significantly different from chance for the not exhibited group (P_{Not exhibited,1/2} < 0.5) and is different from chance in both sessions for the pre-instruction inference (P_{Pre-instruction,1/2} < 0.005) group. All P values are versus chance and are empirically estimated from the null distribution. f, Example hippocampal neuron with univariate context encoding in the session after (bottom) but not before (top) instructions (one-way ANOVA, P_One = 0.40, P_Two = 0.010). Error bars are ±s.e.m. across trials.