Table 1.
miRNAs mediate dysregulation of various cells and stages of BCBM.
| miRNA | Activity | Validated Target(s) | In-vitro Models | Additional Model(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| let-7d | Promote brain metastatic colonization | Pdgfb/PGDFA | 4T1, D2A1, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-BrM2 | Mouse | (74) |
| miR-7 | Suppress brain metastases formation by inhibiting proliferation, invasion, and transmigration of CSCs | KLF4 | MDA-MB-231, 231BoM-1833, 231BrM-2a, CN34, CN34-BoM2d, CN34-BrM2c, MCF7, MCF7-BoM2d | Mouse | (75) |
| miR-10b | Promote invasion of BC cells | No specific target | MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 | Patient samples | (76) |
| miR-20b | Promote colony formation and invasion of BC cells | No specific target | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-brain and bone derivatives | Patient samples | (77) |
| miR-101-3p | Promote extravasation and trans-endothelial migration of BC cells | COX2 | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-BrM2, MDA-MB-231-TGL | N/A | (78) |
| miR-105 | Promote tumor cell invasion and disrupt vascular endothelium | ZO-1 | MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A, MCFDCIS, MDA-231-HM, Primary HMVECs | Patient samples | (79) |
| miR-122 | Inhibit glucose uptake by astrocytes | PKM | MCF10A, MDA-MB-231 | Mouse | (80) |
| miR-132-3p, miR-199a, miR-150 and miR-155 | Promote tumor angiogenesis and colonization of BC cells | MET | Patient samples | (81) | |
| miR-181c | Downregulate PDPK1 promoting BBB destruction | PDPK1 | MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H1, MDA-MB-231-luc-D3H2LN, BMD2a, BMD2b | Mouse | (82) |
| miR-194 and miR-802 | Upregulate MEF2C highly expressed in peritumoral astrocytes promoting cross-talk | MEF2C | 4T1 | Mouse, patient samples | (83) |
| miR-194, miR-181a-1-3p, miR-205, | Mediate cross-talk between BC cells and BMECs | No specific target | b.End5, 4T1 | Mouse | (84) |
| miR-200 family (miR-141) | Induce MET and brain metastatic colonization | E-cadherin | SUM149, SUM159, MDA-IBC3, MDA-231, MCF7 | Mouse, patient samples | (18) |
| miR-202-3p | Induce MMP-1 and promote extravasation of BC cells | MMP-1 | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231-TGL, MDA-MB-231-BrM2, hCMEC/D3 | Mouse | (85) |
| miR-211 | Promote early colonization and BBB adherence through regulation of SOX11/NGN2 axis | SOX11/NGN2 | MDA-MB-231, HCC1806, LM2-4175, BrM-831 | Mouse | (86) |
| miR-345 | Induce cancer progression through cross-talk and niche formation | KISS1, E-cadherin | CN34TGL, MDA-MB-231, CN34Br, MDA231Br | Mouse | (87) |
| miR-503 | Induce M1 to M2 polarization of microglia | STAT3/NF-κB pathways | MCF7, ZR75-1, SKBR3, MDA-MB-231, SKBrM3, MDA-MB-231BrM2a, SIM-A9 | Mouse, patient samples | (26) |
| miR-509 | Suppress RhoC and TNFα mediated transmigration and invasion of BC cells | RhoC, TNF-α | MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB231BrM-2a, CN34, CN34-BrM2c, MCF7, MDA-MB-231-HM, 293TN, mBrEC | Mouse, patient samples | (88) |
| miR-623 | Promote extravasation and trans-endothelial migration of BC cells | MMP-1 | MDA-MB-231-BrM2, MDA-MB-231-TGL, hCMEC/D3 | N/A | (89) |
| miR-637 | Promote autophagy and invasion of TNBC cells | STAT3 | MCF10A, BT549, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-, MDA-MB-468, SUM-159, HCC-1806 | Mouse, patient samples | (90) |
| miR-1258 | Inhibit Heparanase to promote invasion | HPSE | MDA-MB-231BR1, MDA-MB-231BR3, SUM-225, SUM-149, HMEC, MCF-10A | Mouse, patient samples | (25) |
| miR-1290 | Activate astrocytes in the brain metastatic microenvironment via the FOXA2→CNTF axis | FOXA2 | MDA-MB-231, MDA-231-BRM, SKBR3, CN34, SKBRM-tGLI1, immortalized human astrocytes | Mouse | (36) |