Fig. 1.

Pathophysiology of PD: induction formation of misfolded proteins by different causes promote aggregation of misfolded proteins and formation of Lewy body which induce neuronal degeneration. In addition, development of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative by different causative factors implicated in the pathogenesis lead to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause direct neuronal apoptosis or indirectly through activation of microglia and the development of neuroinflammation lead to neuronal degeneration