Table 1.
Studies related to first-trimester prenatal screening biomarkers and GDM.
| Study | Number | PAPP-A | Free β-hCG | PLGF | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM | Non-GDM | GDM | Non-GDM | GDM | Non-GDM | GDM | Non-GDM | |
| Ong (2000) (8) | 49 | 4297 | 0.848 (0.691-1.006)* Median (95% CI) |
1.049 (1.028-1.070) Median (95% CI) |
0.783 (0.587-0.979)* Median (95% CI) |
1.010 (0.984-1.036) Median (95% CI) |
– | – |
| Tul (2003) (9) | 27 | 1109 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 0.99 | – | – |
| Beneventi (2011) (10) | 228 | 228 | 0.7 (0.5-1.2)* | 1.2 (0.8-1.6) | 0.9 (0.6-1.6) | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | – | – |
| Savvidou (2012) (11) | 779 | 41007 | 0.94 (0.65-1.39) | 1.00 (0.68-1.42) | 0.95 (0.64-1.51) | 1.00 (0.68-1.52) | – | – |
| Husslein (2012) (12) | 72 | 216 | 1.17 ± 0.71 | 1.13 ± 0.58 | 1.13 ± 0.73 | 1.15 ± 0.64 | – | – |
| Spencer (2013) (13) | 870 | 6559 | 0.91* | 1.00 | 0.93* | 1.00 | – | – |
| Lovati (2013) (14) | 307 | 366 | 0.9 ± 0.6* | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1 (0.7-1.6) | 1.05 (0.7-1.6) | – | – |
| Kulaksizoglu (2013) (15) | 60 | 60 | 0.77 (0.42)* | 0.97 (0.40) | 0.93 (0.53) | 0.97 (0.29) | – | – |
| Beneventi (2014) (16) | 112 | 112 | 1.06 (0.59)* | 1.22 (0.64) | – | – | – | – |
| Eleftheriades (2014) (17) | 40 | 94 | -0.02 (0.19)* Log10 MoM |
0.02 (0.20) Log10 MoM |
0.0032 (0.29) Log10 MoM |
0.0035 (0.24) Log10 MoM |
1.76 (0.19)* Log10 MoM |
1.68 (0.15) Log10 MoM |
| Syngelaki (2015) (18) | 787 | 30438 | 0.949 (0.913-0.987)* Median (95% CI) |
1.000 (0.994-1.006) Median (95% CI) |
– | – | 1.053 (1.023-1.083)* Median (95% CI) |
1.000 (0.995-1.005) Median (95% CI) |
| Wells (2015) (19) | 364 | 1282 | Early: 0.79 (0.51-1.28)* Late: 0.94 (0.63-1.31)* |
1.00 (0.68-1.40) | – | – | – | – |
| Cheuk (2016) (20) | 169 | 351 | 0.97 (0.65-1.32) | 0.99 (0.67-1.44) | 1.05 (0.73-1.64) | 1.02 (0.71-1.55) | – | – |
| Farina (2017) (21) | 12 | 60 | 0.70 (0.55-1.04)* | 1.10 (0.72-1.44) | – | – | – | – |
| Sweeting (2017) (22) | 248 | 732 | 0.81 (0.58-1.20)* | 1.00 (0.70-1.46) | 0.98 (0.64-1.45) | 0.99 (0.68-1.55) | – | – |
| Xiao (2018) (23) | 599 | 986 | 0.88 (0.60-1.28)* | 0.97 (0.67-1.37) | 1.01 (0.69-1.58) | 1.06 (0.73-1.62) | – | – |
| Visconti (2019) (24) | 596 | 1828 | 1.02 (0.77-1.68) | 1.19 (0.82-1.67) | 1.02 (0.60-1.36) | 0.91 (0.61-1.36) | – | – |
| Correa (2019) (25) | 16 | 80 | – | – | – | – | 11 (18.1) | 5.25 (11.15) |
| Tenenbaum-Gavish (2020) (26) | 20 | 185 | 0.62 (0.49-0.77)* | 1.01 (0.88-1.15) | – | – | 1.09 (0.86-1.33) | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) |
| Yanachkova (2022) (27) | 412 | 250 | 1.2 (0.62)* | 1.3 (0.65) | 1.29 | 1.36 | – | – |
| Our study | 96 | 1356 | 0.88 (0.57-1.11)* | 1.01 (0.70-1.40) | 0.93 (0.63-1.50) | 1.00 (0.68-1.51) | 0.96 (0.65-1.21)* | 1.00 (0.70-1.33) |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean ± standard deviation.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; PAPP-A, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; β-hCG, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin; PLGF, placental growth factor; MoM, multiple of the median; CI, confidence interval.
*P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.