Table 2.
Risk factors associated with abnormal Pap smear results among HIV-infected women.a
| Variables | n/N, % | Univariate PR (95% CI)b | p value | Multivariatec PR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, years | 0.003 | 0.001 | |||
| <30 | 17/292, 5.8% | 0.65 (0.39–1.11) | 0.69 (0.41–1.15) | ||
| 30–< 40 | 57/641, 8.9% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 40–< 50 | 27/332, 8.1% | 0.91 (0.59–1.42) | 0.92 (0.59–1.43) | ||
| ≥50 | 18/100, 18.0% | 2.02 (1.24–3.29) | 2.36 (1.45–3.84) | ||
| BMI group, kg/m2 | 0.09 | 0.47 | |||
| <18.5 | 27/274, 9.9% | 1.07 (0.70–1.63) | 0.85 (0.55–1.32) | ||
| 18.5–< 25 | 70/761, 9.2% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–< 30 | 16/236, 6.8% | 0.74 (0.44–1.24) | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | ||
| ≥30 | 5/92, 5.4% | 0.59 (0.24–1.43) | 0.64 (0.26–1.55) | ||
| WHO stage | 0.07 | 0.12 | |||
| I and II | 33/408, 8.1% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| III | 65/824, 7.9% | 0.98 (0.65–1.46) | 0.90 (0.59–1.36) | ||
| IV | 20/129, 15.5% | 1.92 (1.14–3.22) | 1.86 (1.08–3.21) | ||
| CD4+ cell counts, cells/mm3 | <0.001 | 0.03 | |||
| <100 | 47/399, 11.8% | 1.61 (1.06–2.45) | 1.55 (1.01–2.36) | ||
| 100–<200 | 34/428, 7.9% | 1.09 (0.69–1.72) | 1.12 (0.71–1.78) | ||
| ≥200 | 34/465, 7.3% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Haemoglobin group, g/dL | 0.22 | ||||
| <8.5 | 25/223, 11.2% | 1.56 (0.84–2.92) | |||
| 8.6–<10 | 30/370, 8.1% | 1.13 (0.61–2.08) | |||
| 10–<12 | 45/515, 8.7% | 1.22 (0.68–2.17) | |||
| ≥12 | 14/195, 7.2% | 1.00 | |||
| Pregnancy | 0.71 | ||||
| No | 118/1349, 8.8% | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1/16, 6.3% | 0.71 (0.11–4.80) | |||
| Months on ART | 0.28 | ||||
| Not on ART | 11/123, 8.9% | 1.00 | |||
| >0 and <2 | 85/1013, 8.4% | 0.94 (0.52–1.71) | |||
| ≥2 | 23/229, 10.0% | 1.12 (0.57–2.23) | |||
| Cervical inflammationd | 0.001 | 0.008 | |||
| No | 29/519, 5.6% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 90/845, 10.7% | 1.91 (1.27–2.85) | 1.73 (1.16–2.60) | ||
| Married | 0.99 | ||||
| No | 71/803, 8.8% | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 45/508, 8.9% | 1.00 (0.70–1.43) | |||
| Calendar year of screening | 0.002 | 0.02 | |||
| 2006 or 2007 | 43/370, 11.6% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2008 | 39/397, 9.8% | 0.85 (0.56–1.27) | 0.96 (0.64–1.45) | ||
| 2009 | 37/598, 6.2% | 0.53 (0.35–0.81) | 0.62 (0.40–0.94) |
PR: prevalence ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; ART: antiretroviral therapy.
a
Data analysis based on 1365 cervical screenings from 1365 HIV-infected women.
b
PR and its 95% confidence from generalised estimating equation (GEE) models using the binomial distribution with log link and exchangeable working correlation structure.
c
Variables with p value <0.2 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis.
d
Cervical inflammation was determined through a cytological examination by a pathologist.