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. 2024 Aug 22;11:61. doi: 10.1186/s40779-024-00563-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — CBD treatment enhanced associative recognition and object location memory in rats with chronic GWI. a The cartoon illustrates the sequence of trials in an OIPT. b The bar charts compare percentages of the TOETs spent with the OIFP and the OINP in different animal groups (naïve, n = 15; GWI-VEH, n = 13; GWI-CBD, n = 15). c The bar chart compares the OINP-DI values across groups. d The bar charts compare the TOETs across groups in T2 and T3. e The cartoon illustrates the sequence of trials in an OLT. f The bar charts compare percentages of the TOETs spent with the OIFP and OINP in different animal groups (naïve, n = 15; GWI-VEH, n = 13; GWI-CBD, n = 14). g The bar chart compares the OINP-DI values across groups. h The bar charts compare the TOETs across groups in T2 and T3. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ns non-significant. Please refer to Tables S3 and S4 in Additional file 1 for detailed statistical information. CBD cannabidiol, GWI Gulf War Illness, OIPT object-in-place test, OIFP objects in familiar place, OINP objects in novel place, VEH vehicle, DI discrimination index, TOET total object exploration time, T trial, OLT object location test