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. 2024 Aug 22;11:61. doi: 10.1186/s40779-024-00563-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — CBD treatment reduced astrocyte hypertrophy in the hippocampus of rats with chronic GWI. Figures illustrate examples of GFAP⁺ astrocytes in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields from naïve control, GWI-VEH, and GWI-CBD groups (scale bar = 25 μm). The bar charts compare the AF of astrocytic elements in the DG, CA1 subfield, CA3 subfield, and EH across groups. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ns non-significant. Please refer to Table S3 in Additional file 1 for detailed statistical information. CBD cannabidiol, GWI Gulf War Illness, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, VEH vehicle, AF area fraction, DG dentate gyrus, CA cornu ammonis, EH entire hippocampus