(A) HMPV pre-F-specific IgG in the serum was measured in 50 individuals at weeks 0, 2, and 4. (B) HMPV serum neutralizing activity measured at weeks 0 and 2 in the same 50 individuals. PRNT60, 60% plaque reduction neutralizing titer. The dashed line indicates the limit of detection. (C) The frequency of pre-existing (week 0) RSV pre-F (red) and HMPV pre-F (teal) probe-binding IgG+ B cells (n=50) is shown. Following gating on mononuclear cells/singlets/live/CD19+/CD20+CD38−/IgD−/IgG+/CD27+ B cells, the percentage binding either both HMPV pre-F probes, or the RSV pre-F probe was determined. Significance was calculated using a parametric paired t-test; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001. The horizontal bars in (A) and (C) indicate the median.