Table 4. APP utilization across trauma programs.

Program	# of years APPs on team	Services covered by APPs	Procedures performed by APPs	APP/resident workflow	Patient caps for APPs	APP schedules	Fellowship/residency-trained APP	New graduate hires	Attrition rate	CME support/yr
UPMC	18	ICU, SDU, trauma/EGS floor, activations, 1st assist (EGS/trauma), EGS consults, trauma clinic	Laceration repair: sometimesA-line placement: rarelyCVC placement: rarelyCVC removal: sometimesCT placement: sometimesCT removal: oftenPigtail placement: sometimesPigtail removal: often	Integrated	No cap	40 hrs/week including nights for CCM APPs	21%	42%	10%	$1000
Intermountain Medical Center	23	ICU, floor, activations, 1st assist (trauma), clinic	Laceration repair: oftenA-line placement: rarelyCVC placement: oftenCVC removal: oftenCT placement: oftenCT removal: oftenPigtail placement: oftenPigtail removal: often	Integrated	No cap	40 hrs/week including nights	17%	25%	0%	$2500
UF Jacksonville	15	ICU, SDU, floor, activations	Laceration repair: oftenA-line placement: oftenCVC placement: sometimesCVC removal: rarelyCT placement: rarelyCT removal: oftenPigtail placement: rarelyPigtail removal: often	Integrated	No cap	12 12-hour shifts/month	0%	50%	3 in 7 years	$1500
OhioHealth Grant Medical Center	20	ICU as needed, SDU, floor, observation unit, 1st assist (trauma), activations, clinic	Laceration repair: oftenA-line placement: oftenCVC placement: oftenCVC removal: rarelyCT placement: oftenCT removal: oftenPigtail placement: oftenPigtail removal: often	Integrated and separate	No cap	40 hrs/week including nights	28%	64%	6.3%	$2500
MetroHealth Medical Center	5	Main: floor, activationsLevel 3: floor, activations, 1st assist, clinic (all trauma and EGS)	Laceration repair: oftenA-line placement: rarelyCVC placement: sometimesCVC removal: oftenCT placement: sometimesCT removal: oftenPigtail placement: oftenPigtail removal: often	Separate	8, flex to 12–16	40 hrs/week including nights	0%	40%	27%	$1000

a-linearterial lineAPPsadvanced practice providersCCMcritical care medicineCMEcontinuing medical educationCTchest tube (large-bore)CVCcentral venous catheterEGSemergency general surgeryICUintensive care unitSDUstepdown unitUFUniversity of FloridaUPMCUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center