Table 1. Sociodemographic maternal characteristics and adverse perinatal outcomes according to the three groups evaluated.
| Variables | FGR (n=85) n(%) | SGA (n=20) n(%) | Control (n=747) n(%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| Mean (Standard Deviation) | 28.3(7.5) | 27.9(6.4) | 30.4(7.1) | 0.012# |
| Median (Percentile 25–75) | 28(22 – 34) | 29(21 – 33) | 30(25 – 36) | |
| Minimum–Maximum | (14 – 45) | (18 – 37) | (14 – 45) | |
| Education | ||||
| ILL + IEE | 6(7.0) | 1(5.0) | 66(8.8) | 0.317* |
| CEE + IHS | 7(8.2) | 3(15.0) | 119(15.9) | |
| CHS + IHE | 53(62.4) | 11(55.0) | 400(53.6) | |
| CHE | 14(16.5) | 5(25.0) | 110(14.7) | |
| Ignored | 5(5.9) | 0(0) | 52(7.0) | |
| Race | ||||
| Asian | 1(1.2) | 0(0) | 6(0.8) | 0.511* |
| White | 41(48.2) | 13(65.0) | 348(46.6) | |
| Mixed | 7(8.2) | 3(15.0) | 88(11.8) | |
| Black | 36(42.4) | 4(20.0) | 298(39.9) | |
| Ignored | 0(0) | 0(0) | 7(0.9) | |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Cesarean section | 58(68.2) | 7(35.0) | 352(47.1) | < 0.001** |
| Vaginal | 27(31.8) | 13(65.0) | 395(52.9) | |
| Gestational age at delivery | ||||
| <28 weeks | 7(8.3) | 0(0) | 18(2.4) | < 0.001* |
| 28–30 weeks | 9(10.6) | 0(0) | 17(2.3) | |
| 31–33 weeks | 11(12.9) | 0(0) | 16(2.1) | |
| 34–36 weeks | 16(18.8) | 1(5.0) | 95(12.7) | |
| ≥37 weeks | 42(49.4) | 19(95.0) | 601(80.5) | |
| Birth weight | ||||
| < 500 g | 5(5.9) | 0(0) | 7(0.9) | < 0.001* |
| 500 – 999 g | 10(11.8) | 0(0) | 12(1.6) | |
| 1000 - 1499g | 9(10.6) | 0(0) | 15(2.0) | |
| 1500 - 2499 g | 43(50.6) | 10(50.0) | 63(8.5) | |
| ≥ 2500g | 18(21.1) | 10(50.0) | 650(87.0) | |
| 5-min Apgar score | ||||
| Mean (Standard Deviation) | 9(1.3) | 9,2(0.9) | 9,4(1.1) | 0.001# |
| Median (Percentile 25–75) | 9(9–10) | 9(9–10) | 10(9–10) | |
| Minimum–Maximum | (3–10) | (7–10) | (0–10) | |
| < 7 | 5(6.0) | 1(5.3) | 17(2.3) | 0.184* |
| ≥7 | 78(94.0) | 18(94.7) | 715(97.7) | |
| Umbilical cord pH | ||||
| Mean (Standard Deviation) | 7.2(0.1) | 7,2(0.1) | 7,2(0.1) | 0.253# |
| Median (Percentile 25–75) | 7.2(7.2 – 7.3) | 7.2(7.1 – 7.3) | 7.3(7.2 – 7.3) | |
| Minimum–Maximum | (7.0 – 7.4) | (7.0 – 7.3) | (6.7 – 7.5) | |
| Neonatal resuscitation | ||||
| No | 62(74.7) | 16(84.2) | 664(90.7) | < 0.001** |
| Yes | 21(25.3) | 3(15.8) | 68(9.3) | |
| NICU admission | ||||
| No | 18(21.7) | 10(52.6) | 484(66.1) | < 0.001** |
| Yes | 65(78.3) | 9(47.4) | 248(33.9) | |
| Fetal death | ||||
| No | 83(97.6) | 19(95.0) | 732(98.0) | 0.723* |
| Yes | 2(2.4) | 1(5.0) | 15(2.0) | |
| In-hospital death | ||||
| No | 80(96.4) | 19(100) | 724(98.9) | 0.213* |
| Yes | 3(3.6) | 0(0) | 8(1.1) |
FGR - fetal growth restriction; SGA - small for gestational age; ILL - illiterate; IEE - incomplete elementary education; CEE -complete elementary education; IHS - incomplete high school; CHS - complete high school; IHE - incomplete higher education; CHE - complete higher education; NICU - neonatal intensive care unit; #Kruskal–Wallis; *Likelihood ratio; **Chi-square