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. 2024 Aug 9;15:1423069. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1423069

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Copyright © 2024 Liao, Mao, Wang, Wang, Ocansey, Wang and Mao

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biogenesis and composition of exosomes. (A) Exosomes originate from endosomal pathways, and extracellular substances enter cells through membrane invagination and endocytosis and then develop into early endosomes (ESEs), late endosomes (LSEs), and intracavitary vesicles (ILVs). Multiple intracavitary vesicles (ILVs) aggregate to form MVBs. MVBs can fuse with lysosomes to degrade and release content into the cytoplasm or be released outside the cell by budding through the cell membrane, and the latter is called exosomes. (B) Exosome composition.