Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants.
| Variables | No-diabetes (n = 15,003) | diabetes (n = 2,223) | Total (n = 17,226) | χ 2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 90.677 | <0.001 | |||
| 45–59 | 7,076 (47.16%) | 809 (36.39%) | 7,885 (45.77%) | ||
| 60–69 | 4,997 (33.31%) | 899 (40.44%) | 5,896 (34.23%) | ||
| 70+ | 2,930 (19.53%) | 515 (23.17%) | 3,445 (20%) | ||
| Sex | 12.714 | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 7,687 (51.24%) | 1,229 (55.29%) | 8,916 (51.76%) | ||
| Male | 7,316 (48.76%) | 994 (44.71%) | 8,310 (48.24%) | ||
| Residency | 94.823 | <0.001 | |||
| Urban | 5,907 (39.37%) | 1,117 (50.25%) | 7,024 (40.78%) | ||
| Rural | 9,096 (60.63%) | 1,106 (49.75%) | 10,202 (59.22%) | ||
| Educational level | 22.373 | <0.001 | |||
| Illiteracy | 5,859 (39.05%) | 832 (37.43%) | 6,691 (38.84%) | ||
| Primary school | 4,452 (29.67%) | 610 (27.44%) | 5,062 (29.39%) | ||
| Secondary school | 2,952 (19.68%) | 450 (20.24%) | 3,402 (19.75%) | ||
| High school and above | 1740 (11.6%) | 331 (14.89%) | 2071 (12.02%) | ||
| Smoking status | 51.495 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 10,746 (71.63%) | 1754 (78.9%) | 12,500 (72.56%) | ||
| Yes | 4,257 (28.37%) | 469 (21.1%) | 4,726 (27.44%) | ||
| Drinking status | 30.696 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 9,613 (64.07%) | 1,558 (70.09%) | 11,171 (64.85%) | ||
| Yes | 5,390 (35.93%) | 665 (29.91%) | 6,055 (35.15%) | ||
| Hypertension | 676.085 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 9,840 (65.59%) | 820 (36.89%) | 10,660 (61.88%) | ||
| Yes | 5,163 (34.41%) | 1,403 (63.11%) | 6,566 (38.12%) | ||
| Heart disease | 367.117 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 12,424 (82.81%) | 1,458 (65.59%) | 13,882 (80.59%) | ||
| Yes | 2,579 (17.19%) | 765 (34.41%) | 3,344 (19.41%) | ||
| Daily living ability | 125.621 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 12,737 (84.9%) | 1,678 (75.48%) | 14,415 (83.68%) | ||
| Yes | 2,266 (15.1%) | 545 (24.52%) | 2,811 (16.32%) | ||
| Depression | 24.718 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 8,900 (59.32%) | 1,195 (53.76%) | 10,095 (58.6%) | ||
| Yes | 6,103 (40.68%) | 1,028 (46.24%) | 7,131 (41.4%) | ||
| Physical activity level | 139.468 | <0.001 | |||
| Q1 | 3,823 (25.48%) | 761 (34.23%) | 4,584 (26.61%) | ||
| Q2 | 3,494 (23.29%) | 581 (26.14%) | 4,075 (23.66%) | ||
| Q3 | 3,760 (25.06%) | 517 (23.26%) | 4,277 (24.83%) | ||
| Q4 | 3,926 (26.17%) | 364 (16.37%) | 4,290 (24.9%) |
Q quartiles; Categorical variables were presented as numbers (percentage).