Table 3.
Clinical Characteristics and Vitamin D levels in 137 patients with Symptoms of Gastroparesis but with normal gastric emptying
| Vitamin D Levels at enrollment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics at enrollment | Normal: ≥ 30 ng/mL (n = 55) |
Insufficient: 20–29 ng/mL (n = 50) |
Deficient: < 20 ng/mL (n = 32) |
Trend test P-value |
|
Mean (SD) / n (%) |
Mean (SD) / n (%) |
Mean (SD) / n (%) |
||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age – yrs | 48 (16) | 40 (15) | 43 (13) | 0.05 |
| Male gender | 3 (5%) | 6 (12%) | 4 (12%) | 0.23 |
| Non-white race | 3 (5%) | 5 (10%) | 4 (12%) | 0.24 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 2 (4%) | 8 (16%) | 6 (19%) | 0.02 |
| Seasonality | ||||
| Summer (Jul, Aug, Sep) | 11 (20%) | 9 (18%) | 3 (9%) | 0.22 |
| Anthropometric | ||||
| Body mass index – kg/m2 | 25 (6) | 29 (11) | 34 (10) | < 0.0001 |
| Metabolic | ||||
| HbA1c—% | 5.7 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.7) | 6.6 (1.6) | 0.003 |
| Diagnosed with diabetes | 9 (17%) | 12 (24%) | 14 (44%) | 0.007 |
| Functional Dyspepsia—%‡ | 45 (83%) | 42 (88%) | 26 (84%) | 0.87 |
| Postprandial distress syndrome subtype—%‡ | 44 (81%) | 37 (77%) | 24 (77%) | 0.62 |
| Epigastric pain syndrome subtype—%‡ | 33 (61%) | 28 (58%) | 19 (61%) | 0.97 |
| Both postprandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome subtypes—%‡ | 32 (59%) | 23 (48%) | 17 (55%) | 0.57 |
| GCSI (0 = none to 5 = severe) | ||||
| Nausea | 3.0 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.6) | 3.2 (1.5) | 0.65 |
| Retching | 0.8 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.8) | 0.0002 |
| Vomiting | 0.9 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.6) | 0.06 |
| Nausea subscore | 1.6 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.2) | 0.009 |
| Stomach fullness | 3.6 (1.4) | 3.4 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.6) | 0.74 |
| Not able to finish meal | 3.6 (1.6) | 3.1 (1.6) | 3.7 (1.4) | 0.94 |
| Feeling excessively full | 3.8 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.4) | 3.9 (1.4) | 0.77 |
| Loss of appetite | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.7) | 3.0 (1.7) | 0.50 |
| Fullness subscore | 3.4 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 0.69 |
| Bloating | 3.1 (1.7) | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.3 (1.9) | 0.74 |
| Stomach visibly larger | 3.0 (1.9) | 2.9 (1.9) | 3.1 (2.1) | 0.89 |
| Bloating subscore | 3.1 (1.7) | 3.0 (1.7) | 3.2 (1.9) | 0.81 |
| Total score | 2.7 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.2) | 0.19 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Calcium – mg/dL | 9.3 (0.5) | 9.3 (0.5) | 9.2 (0.6) | 0.37 |
| Gastric emptying | ||||
| 1 h. solid gastric retention—% | 64 (18) | 62 (15) | 62 (16) | 0.64 |
| 2 h. solid gastric retention—% | 32 (15) | 32 (16) | 32 (17) | 0.89 |
| 4 h. solid gastric retention—% | 4 (3) | 5 (3) | 4 (2) | 0.87 |
| Abnormal (< 300 mL)—% | 23 (42%) | 20 (41%) | 7 (24%) | 0.15 |
| Water Load Test | ||||
| Amount – mL | 396 (243) | 389 (230) | 396 (169) | 0.98 |
| Abnormal (< 300 mL)—% | 23 (42%) | 20 (41%) | 7 (24%) | 0.15 |
| Symptoms (VAS 0–100) | ||||
| Fullness | ||||
| Baseline | 30 (31) | 28 (32) | 26 (32) | 0.58 |
| Change† | 37 (30) | 33 (31) | 49 (33) | 0.18 |
| Hunger | ||||
| Baseline | 34 (29) | 37 (33) | 29 (36) | 0.62 |
| Change† | -7 (26) | -15 (24) | -5 (22) | 0.99 |
| Nausea | ||||
| Baseline | 23 (28) | 20 (23) | 31 (32) | 0.32 |
| Change† | 8 (21) | 7 (20) | 8 (20) | 0.88 |
| Bloating | ||||
| Baseline | 25 (28) | 24 (26) | 25 (31) | 0.89 |
| Change† | 12 (19) | 8 (20) | 16 (16) | 0.69 |
| Abdominal discomfort | ||||
| Baseline | 24 (29) | 18 (22) | 20 (25) | 0.37 |
| Change† | 9 (17) | 6 (14) | 7 (11) | 0.44 |
| GMA** (Distribution of average power—%) | ||||
| Bradygastria (1–2.4 cpm) | ||||
| Baseline | 47 (20) | 61 (20) | 59 (21) | 0.004 |
| Change† | 4 (19) | -5 (18) | -7 (20) | 0.01 |
| Normogastria (2.5–3.7 cpm) | ||||
| Baseline | 24 (16) | 18 (14) | 14 (8) | 0.001 |
| Change† | 0 (18) | 3 (13) | 4 (12) | 0.19 |
| Tachygastria (3.8–10 cpm) | ||||
| Baseline | 22 (13) | 16 (9) | 18 (10) | 0.08 |
| Change† | -2 (12) | 2 (10) | 5 (13) | 0.01 |
| Duodenal (> 10–15 cpm) | ||||
| Baseline | 7 (9) | 5 (7) | 9 (17) | 0.55 |
| Change† | -2 (7) | 0 (3) | -2 (11) | 0.91 |
| Cardiovascular disease—% ever diagnosed | ||||
| Myocardial infarction | 1 (2%) | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.70 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2 (4%) | 1 (2%) | 3 (9%) | 0.29 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 0.13 |
| Stroke | 3 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 0.91 |
*Based on linear regression for continuous variables treating Vitamin D category as ordinal and chi-square test for trend for categorical variables
** GMA = gastric myoelectrical activity
†Mean of 10-, 20- and 30-min values – baseline value
‡There were 4 patients with missing data