Appendix A.

Racial group differences in study variables

Racial Group	1. MP at Age 1.5	2. HAB at Age 10	3. ARG at Age 10	4. VA at Age 17	5. OAR in EA	6. AB at Ages 20 and 22
1. African	M = 1.15,	M = 5.35,	M = 2.05,	M = 35.60,	M = 0.20,	M = 10.57,
American men	SD = 0.38	SD = 1.81	SD = 1.72	SD = 10.84	SD = 0.28	SD = 7.67
2. Caucasian	M = 1.12,	M = 4.33,	M = 1.35,	M = 33.79,	M = 0.09,	M = 9.03,
American men	SD = 0.33	SD = 2.07	SD = 1.57	SD = 8.28	SD = 0.19	SD = 8.23
t-test score	t (173) = −.47,	t (139) = −3.00,	t (139) = −2.51,	t (122.25) =	t (123.39) =	t (171) = 1.26,
	p = .642	p = .003	p = .013	21.18, p = .241	23.19, p = .002	p = .210
95% CI	[−0.13, 0.08]	[−1.69, −0.35]	[−1.26, −0.15]	[−4.85, 1.23]	[−0.19, −0.05]	[−0.87, 3.93]

Note: Degrees of freedom (df) that include decimals indicate t tests that violated the homogeneity of variance assumption, which we corrected for with the use of Welch t tests. MP, Maternal punitiveness; HAB, hostile attributional bias; ARG, aggressive response generation; VA, violent attitudes; OAR, official arrest record; EA, early adulthood; AB, antisocial behavior.