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. 2024 Aug 22;10:64. doi: 10.1038/s41394-024-00675-w

Table 4.

Preliminary results of clinical trial outcomes.

Outcome measure/group T1 T2 Comparison T1-T2
95% IC Cohen’s d
Pain Severity (BPI, points)
 - EI 3.58 (2.29) 2.83 (2.94) −0.45 to 1.95 0.28
 - CI 3.75 (2.32) 3.88 (2.14) −1.08 to 1.33 −0.06
Pain Interference (BPI, points)
 - EI 4.14 (3.31) 3.60 (3.83) −0.98 to 2.07 0.15
 - CI 4.24 (2.36) 3.83 (2.23) −1.12 to 1.93 0.17
Tibialis anterior Mean Strength (Newtons)
 - EI 38.91 (42.98) 68.06 (69.34) −56.29 to −2.02 −0.51
 - CI 43.95 (37.71) 48.98 (49.66) −32.168 to 22.11 −0.11
Quadriceps Mean Strength (Newtons)
 - EI 90.17 (43.46) 104.70 (65.03) −55.202 to 26.15 −0.26
 - CI 77.91 (41.44) 71.97 (43.97) −34.73 to 46.62 0.14
Tibialis anterior Maximum Strength (Newtons)
 - EI 39.76 (42.77) 71.54 (69.60) −60.67 to −2.90 -0.18
 - CI 47.05 (39.00) 53.53 (53.02) −35.36 to 22.41 −0.14
Quadriceps Maximum Strength (Newtons)
 - EI 94.45 (44.08) 111.39 (62.98) −58.78 to 24.89 −0.31
 - CI 84.87 (42.91) 78.46 (46.24) −35.42 to 48.24 0.14
Walking speed (10MWT, s)
 - EI 14.33 (7.75) 10.88 (5.44) 0.90 to 6.00 0.52
 - CI 11.97 (4.35) 9.71 (4.12) −0.294 to 4.80 0.53
Walking ability (WISCI, points)
 - EI 17.5 (2.67) 18.83 (1.83) −2.51 to −0.159 0.13
 - CI 16.67 (5.93) 16.33 (6.71) −0.84 to 1.51 0.05

Data are expressed in mean (SD).

BPI Brief Pain Inventory, CI Control Intervention, EI Experimental Intervention, WISCI Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury, 10MWT 10 m walking test.

*p < 0.05 in bold.