Table 5.
Parameter estimates for multivariate growth models of youth internalizing symptoms: subscales for supportive parental responses to distress
| Emotion-focused |
Problem-focused |
Expressive encouragement |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | p | Estimate | SE | p | Estimate | SE | p | |
| Unadjusted Model (N = 256) | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Cov(Intercepts) | − .01 | .02 | .54 | − .01 | .01 | .53 | − .01 | .02 | .67 |
|
| |||||||||
| Cov(Slopes) | .001 | .001 | .51 | .001 | .001 | .32 | − .00 | .001 | .92 |
|
| |||||||||
| Cov(Ix, Sy) | − .01 | .01 | .31 | − .004 | .004 | .28 | − .001 | .01 | .82 |
|
| |||||||||
| Cov(Iy, Sx) | − .01 | .004 | .09 | − .003 | .003 | .45 | − .01 | .004 | .25 |
|
| |||||||||
| Cov(Residuals) | − .003 | .004 | .52 | − .004 | .004 | .26 | − .002 | .004 | .70 |
|
| |||||||||
| Race (n = 216) a | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Race → I(x) | .28 | .12 | .02 | .09 | .10 | .35 | .14 | .12 | .24 |
|
| |||||||||
| Race → I(y) | − .07 | .04 | .12 | − .07 | .04 | .12 | − .06 | .04 | .12 |
|
| |||||||||
| Race → S(x) | .09 | .03 | .002 | .02 | .02 | .49 | .02 | .03 | .47 |
|
| |||||||||
| Race → S(y) | .002 | .01 | .84 | .003 | .01 | .79 | .002 | .01 | .85 |
|
| |||||||||
| Sex (N = 256) a | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Sex → I(x) | − .05 | .11 | .67 | .07 | .09 | .41 | .02 | .11 | .85 |
|
| |||||||||
| Sex →I(y) | − .13 | .04 | .001 | − .13 | .04 | .002 | − .13 | .04 | .001 |
|
| |||||||||
| Sex → S(x) | .02 | .03 | .40 | − .02 | .02 | .42 | .05 | .02 | .05 |
|
| |||||||||
| Sex → S(y) | − .004 | .01 | .69 | − .01 | .01 | .61 | − .01 | .01 | .63 |
Notes. X = parental responses to distress. Y = youth internalizing symptoms. Cov = covariance. I = intercept. S = slope. Sex (female = 0; male = 1). Race (White = 0; Black = 1).
a
Estimates for all growth parameters for the models including race and sex are reported in supplemental tables S2–S7.