Table 3.

The findings from the 2 countries demonstrate similarities in the expected achievements, identified barriers, opportunities, and principal conclusions. Regardless of the digitization of workplaces in both cases and sophisticated data integration solutions in the Estonian case, siloed data stewardship limits the multiuse of health data.

Attributes of findings	The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	Estonia
Expected achievement	Timely and efficient delivery of health care system and public health indicators, and standard and special reports	Timely and efficient decision support for clinical, management, and financial decisions
Barriers	Lack of interoperability standards and siloed sectoral stewardship	Siloed vertical stewardship
Opportunities	Digitized workplaces in health care and cross-sectoral health care governance structures (SHCa)	Digitized workplaces in health care, secure integration platform (XRoad), national EHRb (EHISc), data and data exchange standards, and national-level clinical decision support
Principal conclusions	Align the roles of the stakeholders and engage the participants in a standardized data flow	Align the roles of stakeholders and standardize the event-driven sharing of EMRsd

^aSHC: Saudi Health Council.

^bEHR: electronic health record.

^cEHIS: Estonian Health Information System.

^dEMR: electronic medical record.