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. 2024 Aug 22;25:321. doi: 10.1186/s12931-024-02951-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

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Fig. 3 — 1,25(OH)₂D₃ protected BEAS-2B from oxidative stress, leading to improve mitochondrial function in cells. Pretreatment with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ for 1 h before PM exposure, the levels of mitochondrial ROS (A), intracellular ROS (B), mtMP (C), ATP (D), mtDNA-CN (E) and cell viability (F) were measured in BEAS-2B cells, respectively. ^***P < 0.001 and ^**P < 0.01 vs. untreated cells (control); ^##P < 0.01 and ^#P < 0.05 vs. PM-stimulated group (n = 3)