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Model PMF transformed by shifting all binding sites toward the intracellular membrane. Barriers are positioned midway between binding sites or midway between a binding site and the membrane surface. A, B) Fully shifted PMFs with stable and unstable binding sites C, D) IV curves for the fully shifted PMFs. Purple dashed curve is from the untransformed PMF for comparison. E, F) Rectification ratios as the binding site locations are shifted by 0.25 Å increments to the 5 Å maximum shift.
