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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nano Energy. 2023 Sep 18;117:108910. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108910

Figure 7. Smart blood vessel patches based on the PENG.

Figure 7.

A. Piezoelectric biosensor patch. (i) Setup for fabricating the piezoelectric composites. (ii) Sketch of the setup simulating the cardiovascular system. (iii) Schematic of the smart graft integrated sensor, where two clips are applied prior and after the graft and individually closed to simulate the presence of a clot occlusion. (iv) Voltage amplitude change versus occlusion variation for the before-clip and after-clip. (v) A change in the pressure sensed by the graft when different occlusion applied before and after the sensor. Reproduced with permission [109]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier Ltd. B. Implantable and self-powered blood pressure monitoring patch. (i) Exploded view of the device showing the multilayer thin film structure. (ii) The circumferential stress in expanded aorta wall. (iii) Waveform comparison of the blood pressure with output voltage of the device. (iv) The waveforms of the output voltage and filling pressure (FP) in a single cycle. (v) Photograph of the implanted patch in vivo. (vi) The measured peak output voltage at different systolic blood pressure (BP) and linear fits of the results. Reproduced with permission [110]. Copyright 2016, ElsevierLtd.