Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of questionnaire participants
| Variablesa | Overall (n = 984) | PRIME (n = 414) | Usual Care (n = 570) | (Log−)B−weights / odds ratio [95% CI]b | Adj. p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years): mean (SD) | 69.7 (8.1) | 71.8 (7.8) | 68.2 (7.9) | -3.54 [-4.53, -2.55] | <.0001 | |
| Sex (men): n (%) | 601 (61) | 271 (65) | 330 (58) | 0.83 [0.63, 1.08] | .43 | |
| Diagnosis PD: n (%) | 920 (95) | 381 (92) | 539 (95) | 1.30 [0.76, 2.20] | .49 | |
| Disease duration (years): mean (SD)c | 6.20 (5.2) | 5.68 (5.2) | 6.58 (5.3) | 0.18 [0.09, 0.26] | .001 | |
| Migratory background: n (%) | 9 (1) | 6 (1.5) | 3 (0.5) | 0.42 [0.09, 1.72] | .45 | |
| BMI: mean (SD) | 25.6 (4.0) | 25.9 (4.2) | 25.4 (3.9) | -0.68 [-1.20,-0.16] | .06 | |
| Motor symptoms: mean (SD) | 12.5 (7.8) | 13.0 (8.2) | 12.2 (7.5) | -0.53 [-1.43, 0.38] | .45 | |
| Depression: mean (SD) | 11.8 (6.9) | 12.1 (7.0) | 11.6 (6.8) | -0.61 [-1.50, 0.29] | .43 | |
| Anxiety: mean (SD) | 38.0 (9.4) | 38.9 (9.5) | 37.4 (9.3) | -1.63 [-2.85, -0.41] | .06 | |
| Cognition: mean (SD)d | 18.0 (3.0) | 17.2 (3.1) | 18.6 (2.7) | 0.06 [0.04, 0.09] | <.0001 | |
| Quality of life: mean (SD) | 73.9 (13.2) | 73.0 (13.3) | 74.6 (13.0) | 1.95 [0.33, 3.57] | .09 | |
| COVID−19 burden: mean (SD) | 2.50 (0.89) | 2.44 (0.92) | 2.56 (0.87) | 0.14 [0.01, 0.26] | .16 | |
| Disease stage: n (%)e | ||||||
| Stage 1 | 282 (29) | 115 (28) | 167 (29) | Reference | ||
| Stage 2 | 336 (34) | 134 (32) | 202 (35) | 1.11 [0.79, 1.55] | .67 | |
| Stage 3 | 150 (15) | 64 (16) | 86 (15) | 0.99 [0.64, 1.52] | .99 | |
| Stage 4 | 156 (16) | 70 (17) | 86 (15) | 1.01 [0.64, 1.57] | .99 | |
| Stage 5 | 40 (4) | 23 (6) | 17 (3) | 0.65 [0.32, 1.34] | .45 | |
| Comorbidities: n (%)f | ||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 224 (23) | 108 (26) | 116 (20) | 0.89 [0.65, 1.22] | .61 | |
| Pulmonary disease | 94 (10) | 45 (11) | 49 (9) | 0.80 [0.51, 1.23] | .49 | |
| Musculoskeletal disorder | 286 (29) | 124 (30) | 162 (28) | 0.94 [0.70, 1.27] | .79 | |
| Endocrine or metabolic disorder | 95 (10) | 47 (11) | 48 (8) | 0.80 [0.53, 1.30] | .49 | |
| Neuropsychiatric disorder | 87 (9) | 44 (11) | 43 (8) | 0.66 [0.42, 1.05] | .27 | |
| Cancer | 86 (9) | 48 (12) | 38 (7) | 0.70 [0.44, 1.12] | .42 | |
| No comorbidity | 406 (41) | 150 (36) | 256 (45) | 1.31 [1.00, 1.72] | .19 | |
| Smoking: n (%) | ||||||
| Smoked in the past | 544 (55) | 238 (57) | 306 (54) | Reference | ||
| Never smoked | 411 (42) | 160 (39) | 251 (44) | 1.00 [0.76, 1.31] | .99 | |
| Current smoker | 29 (3) | 16 (4) | 13 (2) | 0.46 [0.57, 1.02] | .21 | |
| Alcohol consumption: n (%) | ||||||
| Never | 193 (20) | 99 (24) | 94 (17) | Reference | ||
| Very rarely | 193 (20) | 87 (21) | 106 (19) | 1.32 [0.87, 2.01] | .45 | |
| Occasionally | 250 (25) | 112 (27) | 138 (24) | 1.35 [0.90, 1.99] | .42 | |
| Less than 5 days a week | 167 (17) | 63 (15) | 104 (18) | 1.80 [1.16, 2.83] | .06 | |
| 5 or more days a week | 181 (18) | 53 (13) | 128 (22) | 3.46 [2.18, 5.42] | <.0001 | |
| Education: n (%) | ||||||
| Primary | 252 (25) | 154 (38) | 98 (11) | Reference | ||
| Secondary | 258 (26) | 114 (27) | 144 (25) | 1.86 [1.28, 2.72] | .008 | |
| Tertiary | 474 (48) | 146 (35) | 328 (58) | 3.90 [2.77, 5.47] | <.0001 | |
| Working situation: n (%) | ||||||
| Retired | 681 (69) | 316 (76) | 365 (64) | Reference | ||
| Fulltime | 26 (3) | 12 (3) | 14 (2) | 0.57 [0.20, 1.36] | .43 | |
| Parttime | 54 (5) | 21 (5) | 33 (6) | 0.60 [0.28, 1.25] | .43 | |
| Self−employed | 36 (4) | 15 (4) | 21 (3) | 0.69 [0.34, 1.52] | .54 | |
| Incapacitated and/or receiving sickness benefit | 151 (15) | 38 (9) | 113 (20) | 0.94 [0.61, 1.99] | .80 | |
| Unemployed | 25 (3) | 10 (2) | 15 (3) | 0.59 [0.23, 1.46] | .45 | |
| Voluntary work or following education not paid by employer | 11 (1) | 2 (1) | 9 (2) | 2.69 [0.52, 12.06] | .45 | |
| Living situation: n (%) | ||||||
| With partner | 755 (77) | 321 (77) | 434 (76) | Reference | ||
| Alone | 137 (14) | 62 (15) | 75 (13) | 0.82 [0.55, 1.20] | .49 | |
| With partner and children | 65 (6) | 19 (5) | 46 (8) | 0.97 [0.51, 1.86] | .99 | |
| In an institution, assisted living or sheltered living | 19 (2) | 8 (2) | 11 (2) | 1.41 [0.52, 3.78] | .63 | |
| Living with another family member than partner | 8 (1) | 4 (1) | 4 (1) | 0.44 [0.10, 1.88] | .45 | |
| Complications in the year prior to the first questionnaire–Urinary tract infection, pneumonia, falling, hallucinations: n (%) | ||||||
| Any complication reported | 505 (51) | 220 (53) | 285 (50) | 0.89 [0.67, 1.16] | .53 | |
| Specific complications–not reported/ reported/ led to hospital admission: n (%) | ||||||
| Urinary tract infection | Not reported | 891 (91) | 374 (90) | 517 (91) | Reference | |
| Reported | 78 (8) | 34 (8) | 44 (8) | 0.79 [0.47, 1.31] | .51 | |
| Hospitalized | 15 (1) | 6 (2) | 9 (1) | 1.25 [0.41, 3.74] | .79 | |
| Pneumonia | Not reported | 948 (97) | 393 (95) | 555 (97) | Reference | |
| Reported | 23 (2) | 12 (3) | 11 (2) | 0.74 [0.32, 1.75] | .64 | |
| Hospitalized | 13 (1) | 9 (2) | 4 (1) | 0.41 [0.12, 1.36] | .42 | |
| Falling | Not reported | 561 (57) | 230 (56) | 331 (58) | Reference | |
| Reported | 399 (41) | 172 (41) | 227 (40) | 0.93 [0.70, 1.23] | .72 | |
| Hospitalized | 24 (2) | 12 (3) | 12 (2) | 0.61 [0.26, 1.45] | .45 | |
| Hallucinations | Not reported | 858 (87) | 357 (86) | 501 (88) | 0.13 [0.76, 1.70] | .66 |
| Reported | 126 (13) | 57 (14) | 69 (12) | |||
aSD = Standard Deviation; BMI = Body Mass Index. Motor symptoms: Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part II, ranging from 0 to 52, higher score indicates a greater degree of motor symptoms. Depression: Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI), ranging from 0 to 63, higher scores indicate greater depressive severity. Anxiety: State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI); only the Trait Anxiety Scale was included, ranging from 20 to 80, higher score indicates a greater degree of anxiety. Cognition: Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (t-MoCA), ranging from 0 to 22, higher score indicates better cognitive performance. Quality of life: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), ranging from 0 to 100, higher score indicates a better quality of life. COVID-19 burden: COVID-19 questionnaire containing 8 questions, the average is calculated and ranges from 0 to 5, higher score indicates a higher COVID-19 burden. Disease duration: Years since diagnosis of PD or parkinsonism. Disease stage: Hoehn & Yahr scale, this score was calculated on answers from other questionnaires, notably the UPDRS. Scores can range from 1 to 5 (disease stage 1 to 5) in which a higher stage indicates more severe disease. Education: Primary educated = no education, primary school, VMBO (see also Table S1); Secondary educated = HAVO, VWO, MBO; Tertiary educated = HBO, University, PhD. Hospitalized: Complication led to a hospital admission
bCI = confidence interval; all continuous variables were analyzed using linear regression, all binary variables were analyzed using binomial logistic regression, all categorial variables with more than two categories, including ordinal variables, were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Continuous variables that did not meet the assumptions for linear regression were log transformed before conducting linear regression. All tests between PRIME and UC were adjusted for age, sex and disease duration, excluding the tests for age, sex and disease duration. We reported odds ratios for all variables tested with binomial or multinomial logistic regression, log-b-weights for all log transformed variables tested with linear regression, and b-weights for all other variables tested with linear regression
c,dLog transformed before tested with linear regression
eNot 100% in total due to NAs
fNot 100% in total since participants could have comorbidities in more than one category