Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of questionnaire participants from the PRIME region who were and were not recruited through their neurologist
| Variablesa | Recruited through neurologistb (n = 263) | Otherwise recruited (n = 112) | (Log–)B–weights / odds ratio [95% CI]c | Adj. p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age: mean (SD) | 71.6 (7.5) | 70.4 (8.3) | -1.41 [-3.21, 0.31] | .50 | |
| Sex (men): n (%) | 172 (65) | 74 (66) | 1.04 [0.65, 1.68] | .87 | |
| Motor symptoms: mean (SD)d | 12.2 (7.7) | 13.8 (8.1) | 0.08 [-0.06, 0.22] | .66 | |
| Depression: mean (SD)e | 11.7 (6.6) | 12.5 (7.2) | 0.03 [ -0.10, 0.16] | .87 | |
| Anxiety: mean (SD) | 38.7 (9.3) | 39.0 (9.6) | 0.18 [-1.88, 2.23] | .87 | |
| Cognition: mean (SD)f | 17.2 (3.1) | 17.5 (2.9) | 0.03 [-0.01, 0.07] | .57 | |
| Quality of Life: mean (SD) | 73.9 (12.9) | 72.4 (13.8) | -0.51 [-3.20, 2.17] | .87 | |
| Disease duration in years: mean (SD)g | 5.36 (4.5) | 6.51 (6.0) | 0.13 [-0.14, 0.48] | .50 | |
| Education: n(%) | |||||
| Primary | 101 (38) | 34 (30) | Reference | ||
| Secondary | 75 (29) | 32 (29) | 1.31 [0.73, 2.32] | .66 | |
| Tertiary | 87 (33) | 46 (41) | 1.62 [0.94, 2.80] | .50 | |
| Disease stage: n (%)h | Stage 1 | 77 (29) | 34 (30) | Reference | |
| Stage 2 | 91 (35) | 34 (30) | 0.80 [0.45, 1.45] | .73 | |
| Stage 3 | 38 (14) | 18 (16) | 0.91 [0.43, 1.90] | .87 | |
| Stage 4 | 42 (16) | 15 (13) | 0.66 [0.30, 1.48] | .66 | |
| Stage 5 | 11 (4) | 8 (7) | 1.60 [0.57, 4.53] | .66 | |
aSD = standard deviation; Motor symptoms: Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part II, ranging from 0 to 52, in which a higher score indicates a greater degree of motor symptoms. Depression: Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI), ranging from 0 to 63, in which higher scores indicate greater depressive severity. Anxiety: State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI); for this research, only the Trait Anxiety Scale was included, ranging from 20 to 80, in which a higher score indicates a greater degree of anxiety. Cognition: Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (t-MoCA), ranging from 0 to 22, in which a higher score indicates better cognitive performance. Quality of life: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), ranging from 0 to 100, in which a higher score indicates a better quality of life. Disease duration: Years since diagnosis of PD or parkinsonism. Education: Primary educated = no education, primary school, VMBO (see also Table S1); Secondary educated = HAVO, VWO, MBO; Tertiary educated = HBO, University, PhD. Disease stage: Hoehn & Yahr scale, this score was calculated on answers from other questionnaires, notably the UPDRS. Scores can range from 1 to 5 (disease stage 1 to 5) in which a higher stage indicates more severe disease
bNAs: n = 39
cCI = confidence interval; all continuous variables were analyzed using linear regression, all binary variables were analyzed using binomial logistic regression, all categorial variables with more than two categories, including ordinal variables, were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Continuous variables that did not meet the assumptions for linear regression were log transformed before conducting linear regression. All tests between recruited through neurologist and not recruited through neurologist were adjusted for age, sex and disease duration, excluding the tests for age, sex and disease duration. We reported odds ratios for all variables tested with binomial or multinomial logistic regression, log-b-weights for all log transformed variables tested with linear regression, and b-weights for all other variables tested with linear regression
d, e, f, gLog transformed before tested with linear regression
hNot 100% in total due to NAs