Table 2.

Intervention details (key features of content, structure and delivery characteristics) of the included RCTs

Author and year	Intervention development	Intervention duration	Yoga sessions: content			Yoga sessions: structure (duration and frequency)	Yoga sessions: delivery characteristics (location, settings, instructor, monitoring and adherence)	Extra features
			Asana	Pranayama	Dhyana and relaxation
Garfinkel, 1994[54]	Based on a literature review on OA, and the study and practice of hatha yoga consisting of supervised yoga and relaxation techniques and patient education	10 weeks	Parvatasana (mountain pose)	Attention to respiration	NR	I = 60 min session/weekX10 weeks (1st and 10th session devoted to pre and post testing)	Centre-based group sessions delivered and supervised by a health educator and yoga teacher	Written instructions of educational materials provided weekly Group discussion, supportive encouragement and general QnA No information on encouragement for yoga practice after the intervention
Ebnezar, 2011,2012a, 2012b[55–57]	Developed from the traditional yoga scriptures (Patanjali yoga sutras, yoga vasishta, and Upanishads)	12 weeks	Yogasanas-10 min Standing asanas:  1. Tadasana (mountain pose)  2. Ardha Kati Chakrasana (lateral arc pose)  3. Ardha Chakrasana (half wheel pose)  4. Prasarita Padahastasana (wide-legged standing forward bend pose) Lying asanas:  1. Bhujangasana (Cobra pose)  2. Shalabasana (locust pose)  3. Viparita Karani (legs-up-the-wall pose)  4. Dhanurasana (bow pose) (reported only in Ebnezar 2012a)	Nadishuddhi Pranayama (alternate nostril breathing)-3 min	1. OM meditation-2 min 2. Deep relaxation technique-5 min 3. Quick relaxation technique–3 min 4. Instant relaxation technique-2 min	I = 40 min IYT (25 min of asana, pranayama and dhyana and relaxation practices) + 20 min (physiotherapy with TENS and ultrasound)/6 days/week X 2 weeks + 40 min IYT/day at home daily X 12 weeks	Centre-based group sessions at a hospital basement and home-based individual sessions Sessions delivered and supervised by certified therapists Home practice documented in diaries, telephone calls once in 3 days and a weekly review to monitor home practice	Other practices in the IYT session included loosening practices of foot and ankle, knee, hip and waist, upper limbs, and neck, strengthening exercises Lectures and counselling on yogic concepts of health and disease, yama, niyama, bhakti yoga, Jnana yoga and karma yoga were included in the yoga module Sessions for 40 min daily (6 days/week) after physiotherapy (20 min) for 2 weeks
Cheung, 2014[58]	Designed by a panel of five certified yoga teachers who had experiences teaching older adults Reviewed by 2 yoga researchers and a yoga master	8 weeks	Asanas in the seated, supine, and standing positions with the following key postures:  1. Tadasana (mountain pose)  2. Virabhadrasana I (warrior I pose) and Virabhadrasana II (warrior II pose)  3. Vrksasana (tree pose  4. Utkatasana (chair pose)  5. Sukhasana (easy seated pose)  6. Baddha Konasana (bound angle pose)  7. Upavistha Konasana (open angle pose)  8. Ardha Shalabhasana (half locust pose)  9. Setu Bandha Sarvangasana (bridge pose)  10. Uttanasana (standing forward fold reclining pose)  11. Hamstring stretches  12.Reclining twist	NR	Relaxation poses	I = 60 min/weekX8 weeks + 30 min/dayX4 times a week of yoga practice at home for 8 weeks	Centre-based group and home-based individual sessions at a yoga studio Sessions delivered and supervised by a registered yoga teacher Handouts of illustrated yoga poses were distributed for home practice Log sheet used for monitoring home practice	Poses with static stretching, balance, and strength exercises Mats, blocks, straps, blankets, and chair used during class, and poses were modified as per individual needs
Park, 2016[59]	Developed by a research team of health care providers with a yoga teacher who has taught yoga for more than 15 years, certified by the International Yoga Alliance	8 weeks	1. Body proper-20 min 2. Virabhadrasana (warrior in the body pose)-5 min	Breath of life-10 min	Mind–body connection-10 min	I = 45 minX2/weekX8 weeks	Centre-based group sessions delivered and supervised by a certified yoga instructor at community sites Participants were given a Sit ‘N’ Fit chair yoga manual with detailed instructions and pictures for home practice after 8 weeks	Chair used as a support for standing poses Each yoga cohort at each site had a maximum ratio of participants to instructor of 10:1 CY manual translated to Spanish, for Spanish-speaking participants
Cheung, 2017[60]	Designed by a group of expert yoga teachers	8 weeks	Poses in seated, supine, prone and standing positions  1. Supta Baddha Konasana (reclining bound angle pose)  2. Ardha Salabhasana (half locust variation)  3. Janu Sirsanana (head to knee pose)  4. Uttanasana (standing forward fold pose)  5. Utkatasana (chair pose)  6. Tadasana (mountain pose)  7.Virabhadrasana I (warrior I pose)  8.Virabhadrasana II (warrior II pose)  9.Vrksasana (tree pose) variation  10. Reclining hamstrings stretch with hip opener with strap  11.Reclining twist	NR	Relaxation pose	I = 45 min/weekX8 weeks + 30 min/dayX4 times a week of yoga practice at home for 8 weeks	Centre-based group and home-based individual sessions Centre-based sessions delivered and supervised by certified instructor Handouts with pictures and written instructions were distributed for home practice Home practice monitored using video recordings, and self-recorded yoga/exercise log sheets	Use of props: yoga mats, blocks, straps, blankets, and chairs Poses were modified when needed
McCaffrey, 2017[61]	Created by a master yoga instructor and used in 2 pilot studies to determine feasibility and participant satisfaction Sit “N” Fit is based on the foundation of Iyengar Hatha Yoga	8 weeks	Body Proper-20 min Warrior in the Body-5 min:  1. Saaras Pakshi Asana (stork pose)  2. Bhujangasana (cobra pose)  3. Vrksasana (tree pose)  4. Salabhasana (locust pose)  5. Ardha Chandrasana (half-moon pose)  6. Bharmanasana (table pose)	Breath of Life-10 min (1 breathing technique per class)  1. Diaphragmatic breathing  2. Nadi Shodhana Pranayama (alternate nostril breathing)  3. Ocean breath (Ujjayi breath)	Mind–Body Connection-10 min  1. Tense and relax  2. Total body guided relaxation  3. Guided visualisation	I = 45 minX2/week X8 weeks	Centre-based group sessions delivered and supervised by certified yoga instructors Manuals with instructions and pictures was provided for home practice Post intervention, participants were asked to continue to do the yoga program at home at least twice a week and to document home practice	Chair used as a support for standing poses
Park, 2017[62]	Developed by a master yoga instructor with more than 20 years of experience with older adults. It was built on the Iyengar Hatha yoga technique, recommended by the NCCIH	8 weeks	NR	NR	NR	I = 45 minX2/week X8 weeks	Centre-based group sessions at a senior housing facility and a senior day centre delivered and supervised by certified yoga instructors Post intervention, participants were given a manual with instructions and pictures for home practice Participants were asked to report frequency, duration, and components of home practice after 3 months	Chair was used Fidelity of yoga was ensured by the program developer
Deepeshwar, 2018[63]	Developed using a holistic approach to health management at physical, mental, emotional, and intellectual levels	1 week	Asanas (yoga postures) – 19 min Sitting – 6 min  1. Paschimottasana (seated forward bend pose)-3 rounds min)  2. Bhunamanasana (earth salutation pose)-3 rounds (3 min) Prone – 6 min  1. Bhujangasana (cobra pose)-3 rounds (3 min)  2. Salabhasana (locust pose) – 3 rounds (1 min)  3. Vipareetkarani (inverted pose)-2 min Supine – 7 min  1. Setubandhasana (bridge pose)-2 rounds (1 min)  2. Markatasana (lumbar stretch pose)-2 rounds (1 min)	Total—32 min Pranayama (yoga breathing)—12 min  1. Vibhagıya Pranayama (sectional breathing)-3 rounds (3 min)  2. Nadıshuddhı Pranayama (alternate breathing)-9 rounds (3 min)  3. Brahamarı Pranayama (humming bee breathing)-9 rounds (3 min) 4. Bhastrika Pranayama (bellows breathing)-9 rounds (3 min) Cooling pranayama—9 mins  1. Sıtali (rolling tongue breathing)-9 rounds (3 min)  2. Sitkarı (folded tongue breathing)-9 rounds (3 min)  3. Sadanta (clenched teeth breathing)-9 rounds (3 min) Kapalabhati (frontal brain cleansing breath)-5 min Breathing practices—6 min  1. Hands in and out breathing-5 rounds (2 min)  2. Hands stretch breathing- 5 rounds (2 min)  3. Ankle stretch breathing-5 rounds (2 min)	Total – 82 min Savasana (Corpse pose)-5 min Relaxation Techniques – 17 mins  1. Instant relaxation technique-2 min  2. Quick relaxation technique- 5 min  3. Deep relaxation technique- 10 min Cyclic meditation-30 min Om meditation and devotional sessions (prayers)-10 min Mind sound resonance technique-10 min Nadanusandhana (A,U,M and A-U-M Kara chanting)-10 min	I = 133 minX2 times a dayX1 week	Centre-based group sessions delivered (supervised? unsupervised?) at a yoga centre of S-VYASA in Bangalore, India	Lectures and individual yogic counselling Loosening practices in standing – 6 min  1. Twisting- 5 rounds (2 min)  2. Side bending- 5 rounds (2 min) on each side Loosening practices in Sitting – 12 min  1. Knee cap tightening-, 5 ounds (2 min each), both legs  2. Passive Patella Movement (Up and Down, In and Out, Rotation)- 10 rounds (4 min) both legs  3. Knee bending- 5 rounds (2 min) each, both legs Loosening practices in supine – 6 min  1. Folded Leg Lumber Stretch (Left, Right, Both)- 5 rounds (2 min)  2. Cycling- 5 rounds (2 min) both legs  3. Straight Leg Raising (Left, Right and Both)- 5 rounds (2 min) Kriyas (cleansing techniques) everyday twice (morning and evening)—55 min  1. Jalaneti (nasal cleansing with water)-30 min  2. Vamanadhouti (internal cleansing by water)-15 min  3. Trataka (candle light gazing)-10 min
Kaur, 2018[64]	Developed in Punjabi (vernacular) language and circulated among yoga specialists for consensus validity. It was modified as per the feedback received	6 months	NR	NR	NR	I = 60 minsX2/monthX2 months + 60 min/monthX4 months	Centre-based group sessions (supervised) through lectures and demonstrations and home-based individual practice using self-instruction manuals Participants were asked to continue home practice during the intervention period	Joint conditioning exercises Participants required to attend six of the eight intervention sessions to be included in the analysis
Kuntz 2018[65]	NR	12 weeks	Selected weight-bearing, static poses which included squats and lunges with varying foot, trunk, and arm positioning	None	Supine body awareness exercise at the start of the session Supine deliberate relaxation exercise at the end of the session	I = 60 minX3/week X12weeks	Centre-based group sessions delivered and supervised by a certified, trained yoga instructor Session attendance and program adherence were monitored	Careful attention paid to the ideal alignment of the leg throughout the exercises Exercise difficulty was progressively increased
Zacharia, 2018[66]	NR	8 weeks	14 Hatha yoga poses	NR	Relaxation using restorative poses-10 min  1. Viparita Karani (leg-up-the-wall pose)  2. Savasana (corpse pose)	1st phase: I = 60 minX2/weekX8 weeks 2nd phase: I = 120 min/weekX4 weeks	Centre-based group sessions through community classes, delivered and supervised by a certified yoga instructor Home-based individual practice using a yoga practice sheet with detailed instructions on an information brochure Participants were encouraged to continue yoga practice at home through weekly emails and phone calls and text messages Yoga practice log was used to monitor home practice	For targeting social support, participants were encouraged to invite a family member or a friend to practice yoga with them The text messages included weekly tips on setting an effective yoga routine, and meet a weekly yoga target of 120 min/week The messages also included the names of yoga apps for smart phones, YouTube videos on practicing yoga at home, yoga classes currently conducted in the area, and long-term OA self-care tips
McCaffrey, 2019[67]	Developed based on traditional Hatha yoga postures	8 weeks	NR-25 min	NR-10 min	NR-10 min	I = 50 minX2/weekX8 weeks	Centre-based group sessions delivered and supervised by a certified yoga instructor certified by the National Yoga Alliance, conducted at a senior housing facility	Chair was used as a support
Vaghela, 2020[68]	NR	4 weeks	Six asanas:  1. Tadasana (mountain pose)  2. Utthita Trikonasana (triangle pose)  3. Virabhadrasana (warrior pose)  4 .Dandasana (staff pose)  5. Supta Padangustasana (reclining hand-to-big-toe pose)  6. Baddha Konasana (bound angle pose)	None	None	I = 30 minX3/weekX4 weeks	NR	Each asana consisted of ten repetitions with short intervals of rest
Bokaeian, 2021[69]	NR	4 weeks	Goddess squat and warrior lunge exercises-20 min Goddess squat:  1. Level 1: hands on hips knees flex to 30°  2. Level 2: hands on hips knees flex to 60°  3. Level 3: shoulders flex to 90° elbows straight knees flex to 60°  4. Level 4: arms overhead knees flex to 80° Warrior lunge:  1. Level 1: hands on hips  2. Level 2: shoulders flex to 90° with elbows straight  3. Level 3: arms overhead  4. Level 4: arms overhead look up to the ceiling for an added challenge	None	None	I = 20 minsX3/weekX4 weeks	Group sessions delivered and supervised by a physiotherapist	Level of difficulty of the goddess and warrior exercises was adjusted based on the Borg Perceived Exertion Scale Participants also received thermotherapy with a hot pack for 20 min
Park, 2021[70]	Developed by the research team that provided step-by-step instructions for continuing yoga at home	8 weeks	NR-25 min	NR-10 min	NR-10 min	I = 45 minX2/weekX8 weeks	Centre-based group sessions at a senior housing facility or senior centre delivered and supervised by a yoga instructor and home-based individual sessions provided using guided manuals	Chair was used Fidelity ensured by observing and assessing 20% of the sessions based on a standardised checklist developed by the research team
Bennell, 2022[71]	Designed by the researchers and a panel comprising 5 yoga therapists (registered with the International Association of Yoga Therapists or the Australasian Association of Yoga Therapists), 2 people with knee OA, and a physiotherapist with fitness leader qualifications and expertise in teaching yoga	12 weeks	Yoga postures to warm up the core and lower-extremity muscles-5 min Static and dynamic yoga postures intended to activate, strengthen, and stretch core and lower-extremity muscles-20 min  1. Knee to chest- Apanasana  2. Leg extensions supported squat- Utkata Konasana  3. Supported forward bend-Paschimottasana  4. Straddle seat-Upavistha Konasana  5. Straddle seat prep standing forward lunge  6. Leg lifts  7. Hip lifts  8. Marching one leg balance  9. Wide leg side bend  10. Standing side lunge-Skandasana  11. Knee hugs  12. Twisted pose  13. Wide leg forward bend (Prasarita Padottanasana)	NR	1. Cooldown of stretches + relaxation exercises-5 min 2. Salamba Savasana (Supported rest)	I = 30 minX3/weekX 12 weeks	Home-based individual unsupervised sessions delivered online Pre-recorded videos included a demonstration of yoga by a yoga instructor (a physiotherapist and yoga teacher) Weekly reminders and motivational emails sent to increase adherence	Video class instructor demonstrated various modifications and levels for each posture to ensure safety and feasibility 12 different pre-recorded 30-min videos (1 video per week) Upon completing the program, yoga practice was recommended but optional

NR: Not reported (Only the terms—Asana, Pranayama or Dhyana and Relaxation practices were mentioned but not no details provided) Text in italics: Effective interventions for pain and/or function. None: No

Mention of any of the terms—asana, pranayama or dhyana and relaxation practices, OA:osteoarthritis, QnA: question and answer, IYT: Integrated Yoga Therapy, TENS: Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation, NCCIH: National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health