Table 3.
Methodological quality assessment of the included studies
| Study | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Total % of “Y” |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garfinkel, 1994 [54] | U | U | U | U | N/A | U | Y | U | U | U | U | U | Y | 15 |
| Ebnezar, 2011 [55] | Y | U | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | Y | 46 |
| Ebnezar 2012a [56] | Y | U | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | Y | 46 |
| Ebnezar 2012b [57] | Y | U | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | Y | 46 |
| Cheung, 2014 [58] | Y | U | N | N | N/A | Y | U | Y | Y | U | U | N | Y | 38 |
| Park, 2016 [59] | Y | U | N | N | N/A | Y | U | U | N | Y | U | U | Y | 31 |
| Cheung, 2017 [60] | Y | U | Y | U | N/A | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | Y | Y | 46 |
| McCaffrey, 2017 [61] | Y | U | U | U | N/A | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 54 |
| Park, 2017 [62] | Y | U | U | U | N/A | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | U | U | Y | 46 |
| Deepeshwar, 2018 [63] | U | U | Y | N | N/A | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | 54 |
| Kaur, 2018 [64] | U | U | Y | U | N/A | U | U | Y | N | U | U | U | Y | 23 |
| Kuntz, 2018 [65] | Y | U | N | U | N/A | Y | U | U | N | Y | U | U | Y | 31 |
| Zacharia, 2018 [66] | U | U | U | U | N/A | U | U | Y | U | U | U | Y | U | 15 |
| McCaffrey, 2019 [67] | Y | U | Y | U | N/A | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | N | Y | 39 |
| Vaghela, 2020 [68] | U | U | Y | U | N/A | U | U | N | N | Y | U | U | Y | 23 |
| Bokaeian, 2021 [69] | N | U | N | U | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | U | Y | 46 |
| Park, 2021 [70] | Y | U | U | U | N/A | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | U | U | Y | 46 |
| Bennell, 2022 [71] | Y | Y | N | N | N/A | Y | U | Y | Y | U | U | Y | Y | 54 |
In real practice, yoga providers delivering the yoga intervention cannot be blinded. So, answer to question 5 of the checklist was marked as N/A (not applicable). This tool uses a series of criteria that can be scored as being met (yes), not met (no), unclear or not applicable (n/a). Y = yes; N = no; U = unclear; NA = not applicable
JBI critical appraisal checklist for randomised controlled trials: Q1. Was true randomisation used for assignment of participants to treatment groups? Q2. Was allocation to treatment groups concealed? Q3. Were treatment groups similar at baseline? Q4. Were participants blind to treatment assignment? Q5. Were those delivering treatment blind to treatment assignment? Q6. Were outcomes assessors blind to treatment assignment? Q7. Were treatment groups treated identically other than the intervention of interest? Q8. Was follow-up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analysed? Q9. Were participants analysed in the groups to which they were randomised? Q10. Were outcomes measured in the same way for treatment groups? Q11. Were outcomes measured in a reliable way? Q12. Was appropriate statistical analysis used? Q13. Was the trial design appropriate, and any deviations from the standard RCT design (individual randomisation, parallel groups) accounted for in the conduct and analysis of the trial?