Table 1.
Overview of cost-utility studies included in the review
| Publication (first author, year, country) | Based on a model or empirical data/version | Patient population | Intervention(s) | Comparator(s) | Perspectivea | Time horizon | Cost effective?b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emamipour (2022), The Netherlands [7] | Observational study | Adults with T1D | is-CGM + MDI | NR + NR | Societal | 12 months | Yes |
| Huang (2010), USA [28] | Patient-level Markov model | Individuals with T1D with CSII or MDI of insulin, with HbA1c levels ≤10.0% | rt-CGM + MDI or CSII | SMBG + MDI or CSII | Societal | 6 months; lifetime | Yes |
| Ly (2014), Australia [39] | Trial-based | Children, adolescents, and adults with T1D | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Healthcare system | 6 months | Yes |
| Wan (2018), US [56] | Trial-based and model-based (Sheffield type 1 Diabetes Model) | Adults with T1D whose HbA1c levels were elevated with MDI of insulin | rt-CGM + MDI | SMBG + MDI | Societal | 6 months; lifetime | Yes |
| Bilir (2018), Sweden [49] | CORE Diabetes Model (v. 9.0) | Adults with well-controlled T1D (HbA1c ≤7.5%) with MDI of insulin or CSII therapy and testing glucose levels at least 10 times/week | is-CGM + MDI or CSII | SMBG + MDI or CSII | Payer | Lifetime | Yes |
| Chaugule (2017), Canada [58] | CORE Diabetes Model (v. 9.0) | Adults with T1D whose HbA1c levels were elevated with MDI of insulin | rt-CGM + MDI | SMBG + MDI | Healthcare system | Lifetime | Yes |
| Conget (2018), Spain [34] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D at a high risk for hypoglycemia | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Gómez (2016), Colombia [48] | CORE Diabetes Model (v. 8.5) | Individuals with T1D aged >11 years | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + MDI | Payer | Lifetime | Yes |
| Isitt (2022), Australia [38] | CORE Diabetes Model | Adults with T1D whose HbA1c levels were elevated with MDI of insulin | rt-CGM + MDI | SMBG and is-CGM + MDI | Healthcare system | Lifetime | Yes |
| Jendle (2017), Sweden [35] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D: (1) with an increased risk for hypoglycemia; (2) with uncontrolled HbA1c at baseline | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Jendle (2019), Sweden [51] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D aged 14–75 years who had been on CSII therapy with or without CGM for >6 months | rt-CGM in HCL | SMBG + CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Jendle (2021), Sweden [54] | CORE Diabetes Model (v. 9.0) | Individuals with T1D for >3 months | rt-CGM in HCL | is-CGM + MDI or CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Kamble (2012), US [47] | CORE Diabetes Model (v. 7.0) | Adults with inadequately controlled T1D | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + MDI | Healthcare system | Lifetime | No |
| Lambadiari (2022), Greece [33] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D | rt-CGM in HCL | rt-CGM + SAP or is-CGM + MDI | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Nicolucci (2018), Italy [46] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D: (1) at increased risk for hypoglycemia; (2) with uncontrolled HbA1c | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Riemsma (2016), UK [36] | CORE Diabetes Model (v. 8.5) | Individuals with T1D who were eligible to use an insulin pump | rt-CGM + SAP | rt-CGM or SMBG + CSII or MDI | Healthcare system | Lifetime | No |
| Roze (2015), Sweden [40] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2016), France [41] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D: (1) with an impaired awareness of hyperglycemia and therefore an elevated risk for it; (2) with uncontrolled HbA1c | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Payer | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2016), UK [42] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D with poor glycemic control | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Healthcare system | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2017), Denmark [44] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D: (1) with hyperglycemia at baseline; (2) with an increased risk for hypoglycemia | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2019), The Netherlands [45] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D: (1) with hyperglycemia at baseline; (2) with an increased risk for hypoglycemia | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2019), Turkey [43] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D: (1) with poor glycemic control at baseline; (2) at increased risk for hypoglycemia | rt-CGM + SAP | SMBG + CSII | Payer | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2020), UK [59] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D: (1) reflecting the DIAMOND trial T1D population; (2) reflecting the DIAMOND trial T1D population with a baseline HbA1c of at least 8.5% (69 mmol/mol) | rt-CGM + MDI | SMBG + MDI | Payer | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2021), Canada [60] | CORE Diabetes Model | Adults with T1D | rt-CGM + MDI | SMBG + MDI | Payer | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2021), UK [50] | CORE Diabetes Model | Adults and adolescents with T1D | rt-CGM in HCL | SMBG + CSII | Payer | Lifetime | Yes |
| Roze (2021), France [61] | CORE Diabetes Model (v. 9.0) | Adults with T1D | rt-CGM + MDI | SMBG + MDI | Payer | Lifetime | Yes |
| Serné (2022), The Netherlands [55] | CORE Diabetes Model | Individuals with T1D | rt-CGM in HCL | is-CGM + MDI or CSII | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Zhao (2021), China [31] | CORE Diabetes Model (v. 9.5) | Individuals with T1D | is-CGM + NR | SMBG + NR | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Garcia‐Lorenzo (2018), Spain [57] | Markov model adapted from McQueen et al. [32] | Individuals with T1D without complications at the baseline | rt-CGM + MDI or CSII | SMBG + MDI or CSII | Healthcare system | Lifetime | No |
| Health Quality Ontario (2018), Canada [37] | A state-transition model structure adapted from McQueen et al. [32] | Individuals with T1D | SAP or rt-CGM + MDI or CSII | SMBG + MDI or CSII | Healthcare system | Lifetime | No |
| McQueen (2011), USA [32] | Study's own Markov model with input from the CDC Cost‐Effectiveness Group model | Adults with T1D | rt-CGM + NR | SMBG + NR | Societal | Lifetime | Yes |
| Pease (2020), Australia [52] | Study's own Markov model | Adults with T1D | rt-CGM in HCL | SMBG + MDI | Healthcare system | Lifetime | Yes |
| Pease (2022), Australia [53] | Patient-level Markov model | Young people with T1D | rt-CGM in HCL | SMBG + MDI or CSII | Healthcare system | 13 years | Yes |
| Rotondi (2022), Canada [30] | A Markov model adapted from an Ontario Health (OH) [37] report, Garcıa-Lorenzo et al. [57] and McQueen et al. [32] | Adults with T1D aged 18–64 years | rt-CGM or is-CGM + NR | SMBG + NR | Healthcare system | 20 years | Yes |
CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, HCL hybrid closed loop, is-CGM intermittently-scanned continuous glucose monitoring, MDI multiple daily injections, NR not reported, rt-CGM real-time continuous glucose monitoring, SAP sensor-augmented pump, SMBG self-monitoring blood glucose, T1D type 1 diabetes
aIn the base-case analysis of the economic evaluation
bAuthors’ conclusion