Table 2.
Summary of sources used for baseline characteristics and continuous glucose monitoring effect size and duration
| Publication (first author, year, country) | Source of baseline characteristics | Source of CGM effect size | Duration of CGM effect, motivation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c reduction/time in range | Reduction in hypoglycemic events | Reduction in fear of hypoglycemia | Reduction in ketoacidosis | |||
| Emamipour (2022), The Netherlands [7] | Observational study (FLARE-NL4 study [5]) | Observational study (FLARE-NL4 study [72]) | – | – | 12 months, same as study duration | |
| Ly (2014), Australia [35] | RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | – | RCT (Ly 2013 [67]) | – | - | 6 months, same as study duration |
| Wan (2018), USA [53] | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | Wan (2018), USA [53] | – | – | Within the trial analysis: 6 months; model-based analysis: lifetime, based on assumption | |
| Bilir (2018), Sweden [45] | RCT (IMPACT trial [72]) | – | RCT (IMPACT trial [72]) | – | - | NR |
| Chaugule (2017), Canada [55] | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | Questionnaire (Currie, 2006 [73]) | (Only in scenario analysis) | Lifetime | |
| Conget (2018), Spain [30] | Unclear | – | Unclear | Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | – | NR |
| Gómez (2016), Colombia [44] | Observational study (Gómez, 2013 [74]) | Observational study (Gómez, 2013 [74]) | Meta-analysis (Yeh, 2012 [75]) | – | NR | |
| Isitt (2022), Australia [34] | RCT (DIAMOND trial, [68]) | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) + NMA (Pease, 2020 [76]) for is-CGM arm | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | – | NR | |
| Jendle (2017), Sweden [35] | (Cohort 1) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]), (Cohort 2) register (Swedish National Diabetes Register [77], supplemented by DCCT [78]) | (Cohort 1) –; (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | (Cohort 1) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]); (Cohort 2) – | (Cohort 1) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) [75]; (Cohort 2) observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | – | NR |
| Jendle (2019), Sweden [51] | Single-arm, non-randomized trial (Bergenstal, 2016 [79]) | Single-arm, non-randomized trial (Bergenstal, 2016 [79]) | Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | – | Lifetime | |
| Jendle (2021), Sweden [54] | RCT (FUTURE study [70]) | RCT (Collyns, 2021 [80]) | RCT (FUTURE study [70]) | Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | – | Lifetime |
| Kamble (2012), USA [47] | RCT (STAR 3 study [81]) | RCT (STAR 3 study [81]) | – | – | – | Lifetime |
| Lambadiari (2022), Greece [33] | HCL vs. SAP plus PLGM: RCT (MiniMed 780G US pivotal trial [82]); AHCL vs. MDI plus is-CGM: observational study (FUTURE study [70]) | RCT (Carlson, 2020 [83]) | NR | |||
| Nicolucci (2018), Italy [46] | (Cohort 1) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]); (Cohort 2) meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]) | (Cohort 1) –; (Cohort 2) meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]) | (Cohort 1) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]); (Cohort 2) – | (Cohort 1) RCT (Ly, 2013, [67]);(Cohort 2) observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | – | NR |
| Riemsma (2016), UK [36] | Single-arm, non-randomized trial (Bergenstal, 2016 [79]) supplemented by various sources | Self-conducted meta-analysis | (Only in sensitivity analysis) | – | Only the first year; an annual progression rate is subsequently applied | |
| Roze (2015), Sweden [40] | Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]) | Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]) | (Only in sensitivity analysis) | RCT (DIAMOND trial, [68]) | – | NR |
| Roze (2016), France [41] | (Cohort 1) RCT (Riveline, 2012 [84]); (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | (Cohort 1) Meta-analysis (unpublished); (Cohort 2) – | (Cohort 1) –; (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | – | NR |
| Roze (2016), UK [42] | Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]) | Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]) | Observational study (Lynch, 2012 [85]) | Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | – | NR |
| Roze (2017), Denmark [44] | (Cohort 1) Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]); (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013, [67]) | (Cohort 1) Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]); (Cohort 2) – | (Cohort 1) –; (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | (Cohort 1) Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]); (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | – | NR |
| Roze (2019), the Netherlands [45] | (Cohort 1) Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66] supplemented by DCCT, [78]); (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | (Cohort 1) Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]); (Cohort 2) – | (Cohort 1) –; (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | (Cohort 1) Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]); (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | – | NR |
| Roze (2019), Turkey [43] | (Cohort 1) Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]); (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | (Cohort 1) Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]); (Cohort 2) – | (Cohort 1) –; (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | (Cohort 1) Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]); (Cohort 2) RCT (Ly, 2013 [67]) | – | NR |
| Roze (2020), UK [59] | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | – | NR | |
| Roze (2021), Canada [60] | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | – | Lifetime | |
| Roze (2021), UK [50] | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | Single-arm, non-randomized trial (Garg, 2017/Bergenstal, 2016 [79, 86]) | Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | Single-arm, non-randomized trial (Garg, 2017/Bergenstal, 2016 [79, 86]) | NR | |
| Roze (2021), France [61] | Single-arm, non-randomized trial (Garg, 2017/Bergenstal, 2016 [79, 86]) | RCT (DIAMOND trial [68]) | RCT (DIAMOND trial [69]) | – | Lifetime | |
| Serné (2022), the Netherlands [55] | RCT (FUTURE study [70]) | RCT (FUTURE study [70]) | Observational study (INTERPRET study [72]) | – | NR | |
| Zhao (2021), China [31] | Epidemiological studies (Zhou, 2020 and Tang, 2019 [87, 88]) | RCT (IMPACT trial [89]) | – | RCT (FUTURE study [70]) | NR | |
| Garcia‐Lorenzo (2018), Spain [57] | Meta-analysis targeting the study objectives | Meta-analysis (Pickup, 2011 [66]) | – | – | – | NR |
| Health Quality Ontario (2018), Canada [37] | RCT (DCCT [78]) | CGM + MDI vs. SMBG + MDI: RCT (GOLD trial [90]); SAP vs. SMBG + MDI: RCT (STAR3 trial, [81]); SAP vs. SMBG + CSII: RCT (Tumminia, 2015 [91]) | All comparisons: RCT (STAR 3 study [81]) | – | – | Only the first year, subsequently declining slowly; assumption-based |
| Huang (2010), USA [28] | RCT (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation-CGM trial [92]) | RCT (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation-CGM trial [92]) | – | – | – | Lifetime; assumption-based |
| McQueen (2011), USA [32] | RCT (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation-CGM trial [92]) | RCT (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation-CGM trial [92]) | – | – | – | NR |
| Pease (2020), Australia [52] | Register (Australian National Diabetes Audit [93]) | RCT (Thabit, 2015 [94]) | Severe: assumption-based; non-severe: RCT (Benhamou, 2019 [95]) | – | – | NR |
| Pease (2022), Australia [53] | RCT (Abraham, 2021 [96]) | RCT (Abraham, 2021 [96]) | Severe: assumption-based + other CEA (Pease, 2020 [52]); non-severe: RCT (Abraham, 2020 [96]) + other CEA (Pease, 2020 [52]) | – | – | Continuous over a 13-year time horizon; assumption-based |
| Rotondi (2022), Canada [30] | NR | Meta-analysis (Maiorino, 2020 [97]) | – | – | – | NR |
AHCL advanced hybrid closed loop, CEA cost-effectiveness analysis, CGM continuous glucose monitoring, CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, DCCT Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, HCL hybrid closed loop, is-CGM intermittently-scanned continuous glucose monitoring, MDI multiple daily injections, NMA network meta-analysis, NR not reported, PLGM predictive low glucose monitoring, RCT randomized controlled trial, SAP sensor-augmented pump, SMBG self-monitoring of blood glucose