Table 1.
Comparison of demographic characteristics and risk factors of hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, and COVID-19 cases in Valladolid, 2010–2022
| RSV (N = 635) n (%) |
Influenza (N = 598) n (%) |
COVID-19 (N = 60) n (%) |
p value RSV vs. influenza |
p value RSV vs. COVID-19 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) mean (SD) | 79.5 (9.4) | 79.5 (9.4) | 78.6 (10) | 0.90 | 0.45 |
| Age median (min, max) | 81.0 (60, 102) | 80.5 (60, 101) | 78.0 (60, 98) | ||
| Sex, female | 343 (54.0) | 320 (53.5) | 31 (51.7) | 0.86 | 0.79 |
| Resident care institution | 128 (20.2) | 105 (17.6) | 13 (21.7) | 0.27 | 0.74 |
| Influenza vaccinated | 244 (38.4) | 232 (38.8) | 23 (38.3) | 0.91 | 1.00 |
| COVID-19 vaccinated | 26 (4.1) | 21 (3.5) | 16 (26.7) | 0.66 | < 0.0001* |
| Smoker status | 0.37 | 0.02* | |||
| Current | 55 (8.7) | 59 (9.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Former | 172 (27.1) | 137 (22.9) | 13 (21.7) | ||
| Never | 46 (7.2) | 48 (8.0) | 3 (5.0) | ||
| At least 1 immunocompromising condition | 272 (42.9) | 222 (37.1) | 19 (31.7) | 0.04* | 0.10 |
| Malignant neoplasm (last 5 years) | 99 (15.6) | 82 (13.7) | 8 (13.3) | 0.38 | 0.85 |
| Asplenia | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.38 | 1.00 |
| Immunosuppressive drugs | 199 (31.3) | 145 (24.2) | 13 (21.7) | 0.01* | 0.14 |
| Immune system disorder | 38 (6.0) | 38 (6.3) | 3 (5.0) | 0.81 | 1.00 |
| Under radiotherapy treatment | 4 (0.6) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.69 | 1.00 |
| At least 1 chronic lung disease | 293 (46.1) | 245 (41.0) | 17 (28.3) | 0.07 | 0.01* |
| Bronchiectasis | 25 (4.4) | 25 (4.2) | 2 (3.3) | 0.89 | 1.00 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 149 (23.5) | 121 (20.2) | 10 (16.7) | 0.19 | 0.26 |
| Asthma | 74 (11.6) | 61 (10.2) | 3 (5.0) | 0.47 | 0.13 |
| Apnea–hypopnea syndrome | 50 (7.9) | 53 (8.9) | 2 (3.3) | 0.54 | 0.30 |
| Respiratory failure | 35 (5.5) | 32 (5.3) | 1 (1.7) | 1.00 | 0.35 |
| Use of home oxygen | 104 (16.4) | 86 (14.4) | 7 (11.7) | 0.34 | 0.46 |
| At least 1 cardiovascular or cerebrovascular condition | 515 (81.1) | 462 (77.3) | 44 (73.3) | 0.11 | 0.17 |
| Congenital heart disease | 5 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.45 | 1.00 |
| High blood pressure | 431 (67.9) | 393 (65.72) | 39 (65.0) | 0.43 | 0.66 |
| Hypertensive heart disease | 40 (6.3) | 31 (5.2) | 6 (10.0) | 0.46 | 0.27 |
| Coronary artery disease | 117 (18.4) | 86 (14.4) | 4 (6.7) | 0.06 | 0.02* |
| Congestive heart failure | 137 (21.6) | 84 (14.0) | 6 (10.0) | 0.0006* | 0.04* |
| Heart transplant | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.48 | N/A |
| Arrythmia | 203 (32.0) | 145 (24.2) | 12 (20.0) | 0.0029* | 0.06 |
| Cardiac valve disorders | 85 (13.4) | 65 (10.9) | 6 (10.0) | 0.19 | 0.55 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 67 (10.5) | 58 (9.7) | 7 (11.7) | 0.64 | 0.83 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 22 (3.5) | 23 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.76 | 0.25 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.61 | 1.00 |
| Peripheral vascular disorder | 21 (3.3) | 12 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.22 | 0.24 |
| Deep venous thrombosis | 6 (0.9) | 9 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.44 | 1.00 |
| Other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular condition | 7 (1.1) | 10 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.47 | 1.00 |
| At least 1 kidney disease | 116 (18.3) | 90 (15.0) | 12 (20.0) | 0.15 | 0.73 |
| At least 1 liver disease | 59 (9.3) | 43 (7.2) | 4 (6.7) | 0.21 | 0.64 |
| At least 1 endocrine or metabolic disorder | 410 (64.6) | 358 (59.9) | 38 (63.3) | 0.10 | 0.89 |
| Obesity | 100 (15.7) | 81 (13.5) | 7 (11.7) | 0.27 | 0.40 |
| Diabetes | 172 (27.1) | 168 (28.1) | 16 (26.7) | 0.69 | 0.94 |
| At least 1 neurologic condition | 191 (30.1) | 182 (30.4) | 16 (26.7) | 0.90 | 0.66 |
| At least 1 coinfection | 230 (36.2) | 124 (20.7) | 12 (20.0) | < .0001* | 0.01* |
| Bacterial | 72 (11.3) | 82 (13.7) | 4 (6.7) | ||
| Viral | 88 (13.9) | 12 (2.01) | 1 (1.7) | ||
| Fungal | 14 (2.2) | 10 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Bacterial + viral | 31 (4.9) | 6 (1.0) | 3 (5.0) | ||
| Bacterial + fungal | 14 (2.2) | 13 (2.2) | 4 (6.7) | ||
| Viral + fungal | 4 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Bacterial + viral + fungal | 7 (1.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) |
*Statistically significant