Table 2.
Comparison of clinical characteristics of hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, and COVID-19 cases in Valladolid, 2010–2022
| RSV (N = 635) n (%) |
Influenza (N = 598) n (%) |
COVID-19 (N = 60) n (%) |
p value RSV vs. influenza |
p value RSV vs. COVID-19 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signs and symptoms at admission | |||||
| General symptoms (at least 1) | 417 (65.7) | 454 (75.9) | 46 (76.7) | < .0001* | 0.09 |
| Fever | 219 (34.5) | 276 (46.1) | 29 (48.3) | < .0001* | 0.04* |
| Malaise | 63 (9.9) | 84 (14.0) | 12 (20.0) | 0.03* | 0.03* |
| Fatigue | 65 (10.2) | 79 (13.2) | 6 (10.0) | 0.11 | 1.00 |
| Headache | 16 (2.5) | 22 (3.7) | 3 (5.0) | 0.25 | 0.22 |
| Myalgia | 36 (5.7) | 42 (7.0) | 5 (8.3) | 0.35 | 0.39 |
| Edema | 135 (21.3) | 104 (17.4) | 5 (8.3) | 0.10 | 0.02* |
| Cognitive impairment | 111 (17.5) | 113 (18.9) | 19 (31.7) | 0.55 | 0.01* |
| Exanthema | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 | 1.0 |
| Other general | 24 (3.8) | 42 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.02* | 0.25 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (at least 1) | 57 (9.0) | 59 (9.9) | 11 (18.3) | 0.63 | 0.04* |
| Loss of appetite | 12 (1.9) | 15 (2.5) | 5 (8.3) | 0.56 | 0.01* |
| Vomits | 27 (4.2) | 30 (5.0) | 2 (3.3) | 0.59 | 1.00 |
| Abdominal pain | 10 (1.6) | 4 (0.7) | 3 (5.0) | 0.18 | 0.09 |
| Diarrhea | 10 (1.6) | 16 (2.7) | 3 (5.0) | 0.23 | 0.09 |
| Other gastrointestinal | 8 (1.3) | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.39 | 1.00 |
| Acute upper respiratory tract infection (at least 1) | 482 (75.9) | 422 (70.6) | 38 (63.3) | 0.04* | 0.04* |
| Cough | 469 (73.9) | 411 (68.7) | 33 (55.0) | 0.05 | 0.0037* |
| Odynophagia | 15 (2.4) | 24 (4.0) | 5 (8.3) | 0.11 | 0.02* |
| Rhinorrhea/nasal congestion | 89 (14.0) | 55 (9.2) | 1 (1.7) | 0.01* | 0.0039* |
| Sneezing | 30 (4.7) | 13 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.02* | 0.10 |
| Anosmia | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.0) | 1.00 | 0.0023* |
| Ageusia | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.3) | 1.00 | 0.02* |
| Other upper respiratory | 7 (1.1) | 10 (1.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0.47 | 0.52 |
| Acute lower respiratory tract infection (at least 1) | 588 (92.6) | 508 (84.9) | 43 (71.7) | < .0001* | < .0001* |
| Dyspnea | 435 (68.5) | 346 (57.9) | 27 (45.0) | 0.0001* | 0.0005* |
| Tachypnea | 108 (17.0) | 92 (15.4) | 7 (11.7) | 0.49 | 0.36 |
| Polypnea | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Apnea | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Pleuritic chest pain | 52 (8.2) | 38 (6.3) | 3 (5.0) | 0.23 | 0.61 |
| Sputum production | 305 (48.0) | 247 (41.3) | 9 (15.0) | 0.02* | < .0001* |
| Wheezing | 473 (74.5) | 374 (62.5) | 28 (46.7) | < .0001* | < .0001* |
| Croup/laryngotracheobronchitis | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Bronchiolitis | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.38 | 1.00 |
| Bronchitis | 17 (2.7) | 11 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.35 | 0.39 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation | 8 (1.3) | 1 0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.04* | 1.00 |
| Bronchiectasis exacerbation | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.25 | 1.00 |
| Pneumonia | 11 (1.7) | 4 (0.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0.12 | 1.00 |
| Atelectasis | 21 (3.3) | 15 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.50 | 0.24 |
| Cyanosis | 6 (0.9) | 10 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.32 | 1.00 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other lower respiratory | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.7) | 1.00 | 0.17 |
| Cardiovascular symptom (at least 1) | 171 (26.9) | 118 (19.7) | 5 (8.3) | 0.0031* | 0.0009* |
| Congestive heart failure | 14 (2.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0010* | 0.62 |
| Arrythmia | 100 (15.7) | 68 (11.37) | 2 (3.3) | 0.03* | 0.01* |
| Other cardiovascular | 80 (12.6) | 60 (10.0) | 3 (5.0) | 0.18 | 0.10 |
| Hemorrhagic manifestations | 5 (0.8) | 6 (1.0) | 1 (1.7) | 0.77 | 0.42 |
| Neurologic symptoms | 1 (0.2) | 7 (1.2) | 1 (1.7) | 0.03* | 0.17 |
| Other symptoms | 50 (7.9) | 82 (13.7) | 8 (13.3) | 0.0012* | 0.14 |
| Laboratory data at admission | |||||
| Anemia | 205 (32.3) | 146 (24.4) | 10 (16.7) | 0.0024* | 0.01* |
| Leukopenia | 30 (4.7) | 36 (6.0) | 3 (5.0) | 0.38 | 0.76 |
| Leukocytosis | 217 (34.2) | 157 (26.2) | 10 (16.7) | 0.0029* | 0.01* |
| Neutropenia | 20 (3.1) | 9 (1.5) | 1 (1.7) | 0.06 | 1.00 |
| Neutrophilia | 227 (35.7) | 163 (27.3) | 8 (13.3) | 0.0014* | 0.0003* |
| Thrombocytopenia | 115 (18.1) | 118 (19.7) | 11 (18.3) | 0.47 | 1.00 |
| Thrombocytosis | 28 (4.4) | 19 (3.2) | 2 (3.3) | 0.30 | 1.00 |
| Protein-C-reactive elevated | 445 (70.0) | 381 (63.7) | 28 (46.7) | 0.02* | 0.0004* |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide | 112 (17.6) | 100 (16.7) | 5 (8.3) | 0.71 | 0.07 |
| Hypoxemia | 295 (46.5) | 257 (43.0) | 10 (16.7) | 0.23 | < 0.0001* |
| Images (X-ray or CT scan) at admission | |||||
| Pulmonary infiltrates | 129 (20.3) | 104 (17.4) | 23 (38.3) | 0.19 | 0.0028* |
| Cardiac enlargement | 127 (20.0) | 72 (12.0) | 3 (5.0) | 0.0001* | 0.0028* |
| Severity parameters | |||||
| Admission to intensive care unit (ICU) | 41 (6.5) | 41 (6.9) | 16 (26.7) | 0.82 | < .0001* |
| ICU length of stay | 0.84 | 0.03* | |||
| Mean (SD) | 14.2 (12.5) | 13.4 (15.9) | 27.7 (23.7) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 9.0 (2.0, 50.0) | 7.50 (1.0, 58.0) | 2.5 (2.0, 68.0) | ||
| Readmission to ICU | 1 (0.16) | 5 (0.84) | 0 (0.00) | 0.12 | 1.00 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 26 (4.09) | 27 (4.52) | 6 (10.00) | 0.78 | 0.04* |
| Mechanical ventilation length of use | 0.99 | 0.07 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 10.9 (9.70) | 10.8 (11.9) | 22.8 (19.3) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 7.00 (2.0, 39.0) | 6.50 (1.0, 42.0) | 17.0 (7.0, 55.0) | ||
| In-hospital death | 73 (11.5) | 64 (10.7) | 13 (21.7) | 0.72 | 0.03* |
| Hospital length of stay | 0.57 | < .0001* | |||
| Mean (SD) | 12.2 (12.3) | 11.8 (11.2) | 23.7 (23.9) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 9.0 (1.0, 161) | 8.0 (1.0, 92.0) | 18.0 (3.0, 131) | ||
| Hospital readmission < 30 days | 91 (14.3) | 56 (9.4) | 6 (10.0) | 0.06 | 1.00 |
*Statistically significant