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. 2024 Aug 23;15:7271. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-51540-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Water sorption behavior of TB and QA-TB membranes investigated using dynamic vapor sorption (DVS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the (b) TB membrane and (c) QA-TB membrane. The bright regions in (c) represent the hydrophobic segments of the polymer backbone, whereas the dark regions correspond to the hydrophilic portions of the QA groups. The partitioning calculation using ImageJ software reveals that the percentage of hydrophilic region is about 22.71% and the percentage of hydrophobic region is about 77.29%. d Electrostatic potential diagrams and calculations of adsorption and desorption energies for Cl^-/SO₄²⁻/CO₃²⁻ on the surface of QA-TB. The CO₃^2- exhibits greater negative adsorption energy, indicating stronger adsorption to QA-TB, and has higher desorption energy, hindering desorption. Conversely, Cl^- shows the lowest free energy, resulting in faster migration.