Table 2.

Odds ratios for female first and last authorship in the field of medical informatics between 1999 and 2023^a.

Characteristic (N=59,980)	First female authorship (N=22,450)				Last female authorship (N=17,811)
	ORb	95% CI	P value	OR		95% CI	P value
Female in contrasting author position	2.53	2.44-2.62	<.001	2.53		2.44-2.62	<.001
Gender concordance	0.51	0.49-0.53	<.001	1.03		1.0-1.07	.10
Publication year	1.03	1.03-1.04	<.001	1.04		1.03-1.04	<.001
Journal of Medical Internet Research	1.96	1.90-2.03	<.001	1.78		1.71-1.84	<.001
Impact factor 2022	0.96	0.96-0.97	<.001	0.96		0.96-0.97	<.001
International collaboration	0.88	0.85-0.92	<.001	0.81		0.77-0.84	<.001

^aStatistical significance is highlighted by P values in italics.

^bOR: odds ratio.