Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population (n = 95)
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 65.6 ± 5.99 |
| Ethnicity (%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 44.7 |
| Hispanic | 34.2 |
| Black | 12.2 |
| Asian | 3.5 |
| Multiracial | 5.4 |
| Female (%) | 59.3 |
| Education (%) | |
| Less than high school | 0.6 |
| High school or GED | 22.7 |
| Associate degree | 17.4 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 33.1 |
| Master’s degree | 21.5 |
| Professional or doctoral degree | 4.7 |
| Family with diabetes (%) | 82.4 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 68.0 |
| Hypertension | 63.0 |
| Retinopathy | 43.8 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 38.5 |
| Thyroid disease | 20.7 |
| Heart disease and/or stroke | 15.3 |
| PROMIS cognitive function version 2 (mean ± SD) | 34.5 ± 6.8 |
| Glucose variability (mean ± SD) | |
| Mean glucose | 181.8 ± 57.4 |
| Hypoglycemia (% <70 mg/dL) | 14.2 ± 6.8 |
| Hyperglycemia (% >160 mg/dL) | 37.7 ± 6.2 |
| Standard deviation | 34.9 ± 22.1 |
| Mean amplitude of glucose excursions | 112.3 ± 27 |
| Mean of daily differences | 64.1 ± 18 |
| Coefficient of variation | 33.7 ± 11.1 |
| Time in range | 58.1 ± 27.6 |
| Diabetes self-management (mean ± SD) | |
| General diet | 3.9 ± 2.1 |
| Specific diet | 3.1 ± 2.3 |
| General activity | 2.9 ± 2.4 |
| Specific activity | 2.3 ± 2.4 |
| Blood glucose monitoring | 3.2 ± 3.1 |
| Foot health | 3.6 ± 2.82 |