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. 2024 Aug 12;14:1448089. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1448089

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Illustration of the interactions among key components in the brain microenvironment (Created with BioRender.com). LCN2 facilitates tumor seeding in the brain microenvironment by activating astrocytes, promoting neuroinflammation, enhancing iron availability via macrophage secretion, and promoting neutrophil recruitment. These mechanisms collectively promote brain metastasis progression.