Table 1.

The nutritional constraints applied in the linear programming modeling analyses of nutrient adequate least-cost dietary patterns in the United States (22), New Zealand (23), and Indonesia, as daily energy and minimum level of nutrients required by average adults aged 19–50 years.

	United States	New Zealand	Indonesia
Energy	2,600 kcal	2,665 kcal	2,400 kcal
Carbohydrate	130 g
Dietary fiber	31.5 g	27.5 g	33.75 g
Linoleic acid	14.5 g	10.5 g
α-linolenic acid	1.35 g	1.05 g
Protein	50.8 g	55 g	62.5 g
Calcium	1,000 mg	1,000 mg	1,000 mg
Chromium		30 μg
Copper	0.9 mg	1.45 mg	0.9 mg
Iron	13 mg	13 mg	13.5 mg
Magnesium	355 mg	362.5 mg
Manganese	2.05 mg	5.25 mg
Molybdenum		45 μg
Phosphorus	700 mg	1,000 mg	700 mg
Potassium	4,700 mg	3,300 mg	4,700 mg
Selenium	55 μg	65 μg
Sodium	1,500 mg	670 mg	1,500 mg
Zinc	9.5 mg	11 mg	9.5 mg
Biotin		27.5 μg
Choline	487.5 mg
Folate	400 μg (DFE)	400 μg (DFE)
Niacin	15 mg	15 mg	15 mg
Pantothenic acid	5 mg	5 mg
Riboflavin	1.2 mg	1.2 mg	1.2 mg
Thiamin	1.15 mg	1.15 mg	1.15 mg
Vitamin A	800 μg (RAE)	800 μg (RE)	625 μg (RE)
Vitamin B-6	1.3 mg	1.3 mg
Vitamin B-12	2.4 μg	2.4 μg
Vitamin C	82.5 mg	45 mg	82.5 mg
Vitamin D	15 μg	5 μg
Vitamin E	15 mg	8.5 mg
Vitamin K	105 μg	65 μg

DFE, Dietary Folate Equivalent; RAE, Retinol Activity Equivalent; RE, Retinol Equivalent. Average adult daily nutrient requirements values were sourced from the Institute of Medicine (24), National Health and Medical Research Council (25), and Ministry of Health (26), for the United States, New Zealand, and Indonesia, respectively.