Table 2. General characteristics of participants according to urinary benzophenone-3 based on gender.
| Category | Urine benzophenone-3 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 3,796) | Men (n = 1,780) | Women (n = 2,016) | ||||||||
| Low | High | p-value | Low | High | p-value | Low | High | p-value | ||
| Age (years) | 47.2 ± 0.1 | 48.8 ± 0.2 | 0.005b | 46.8 ± 0.1 | 47.3 ± 0.4 | 0.375b | 48.2 ± 0.1 | 49.2 ± 0.2 | 0.012b | |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | < 0.001c | 0.276c | < 0.001c | |||||||
| < 25 | 1,540 (72.3) | 552 (27.7) | 646 (75.4) | 214 (24.6) | 915 (72.4) | 317 (27.6) | ||||
| ≥ 25 | 1,307 (78.6) | 397 (21.4) | 687 (74.9) | 233 (25.1) | 597 (78.7) | 187 (21.3) | ||||
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.117 | |||||||
| Non-smoker (ex-smokers included) | 2,301 (72.6) | 852 (27.4) | 871 (71.7) | 327 (28.3) | 1,462 (74.6) | 493 (25.4) | ||||
| Current smoker | 546 (85.1) | 97 (14.9) | 462 (82.0) | 120 (18.0) | 50 (76.4) | 11 (23.6) | ||||
| Use of hair products within 3 months | < 0.001 | 0.084 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| None | 1,707 (78.2) | 449 (21.8) | 968 (75.2) | 315 (24.8) | 692 (79.1) | 181 (20.9) | ||||
| < 6 times a week | 802 (70.4) | 335 (29.6) | 269 (73.7) | 94 (26.3) | 569 (72.8) | 205 (27.2) | ||||
| ≥ 6 times a week | 338 (69.9) | 165 (30.1) | 96 (78.0) | 38 (22.0) | 251 (66.9) | 118 (33.1) | ||||
| Use of perfume within 3 months | < 0.001 | 0.013 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| None | 2,247 (78.7) | 654 (21.3) | 1,113 (76.2) | 361 (23.8) | 1,114 (78.9) | 313 (21.1) | ||||
| < 6 times a week | 472 (65.2) | 233 (34.8) | 173 (72.3) | 65 (27.7) | 313 (65.5) | 154 (34.5) | ||||
| ≥ 6 times a week | 128 (65.4) | 62 (34.6) | 47 (67.7) | 21 (32.3) | 85 (69.2) | 37 (30.8) | ||||
| Use of body-cleansing products within 3 months | < 0.001 | 0.053 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| None | 337 (82.2) | 61 (17.8) | 270 (73.6) | 84 (26.4) | 35 (76.3) | 9 (23.7) | ||||
| < 6 times a week | 658 (71.9) | 236 (28.1) | 240 (72.7) | 86 (27.3) | 446 (77.6) | 122 (22.4) | ||||
| ≥ 6 times a week | 1,852 (75.2) | 652 (24.8) | 823 (76.1) | 277 (23.9) | 1,031 (73.4) | 373 (26.6) | ||||
| Use of make-up products within 3 months | < 0.001 | 0.684 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| None | 1,456 (83.1) | 308 (16.9) | 1,094 (75.0) | 367 (25.0) | 245 (83.0) | 58 (17.0) | ||||
| < 6 times a week | 565 (70.2) | 241 (29.8) | 143 (76.0) | 52 (24.0) | 462 (74.9) | 149 (25.1) | ||||
| ≥ 6 times a week | 826 (66.0) | 400 (34.0) | 96 (74.7) | 28 (25.3) | 805 (72.5) | 297 (27.5) | ||||
| Use of manicure products within 3 months | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| None | 2,573 (77.2) | 770 (22.8) | 1,330 (75.1) | 446 (24.9) | 1,205 (76.7) | 362 (23.3) | ||||
| < 6 times a week | 256 (59.2) | 166 (40.8) | 1 (95.6) | 1 (4.4) | 288 (68.7) | 132 (31.3) | ||||
| ≥ 6 times a week | 18 (58.1) | 13 (41.9) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (62.5) | 10 (37.5) | ||||
| Use of antimicrobial products within 3 months | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||||
| None | 1,845 (76.6) | 559 (23.4) | 934 (76.9) | 298 (23.1) | 879 (72.9) | 293 (27.1) | ||||
| < 6 times a week | 583 (72.4) | 238 (27.6) | 221 (70.2) | 87 (29.8) | 383 (76.7) | 130 (23.3) | ||||
| ≥ 6 times a week | 419 (73.1) | 152 (26.9) | 178 (74.3) | 62 (25.7) | 250 (76.4) | 81 (23.6) | ||||
| Use of fragrance products within 3 months | 0.002 | 0.079 | 0.010 | |||||||
| None | 2,015 (76.4) | 634 (23.6) | 971 (76.1) | 312 (23.9) | 1,036 (75.4) | 330 (24.6) | ||||
| < 6 times a week | 177 (70.3) | 78 (29.7) | 80 (77.3) | 27 (22.7) | 109 (76.3) | 39 (23.7) | ||||
| ≥ 6 times a week | 655 (72.5) | 237 (27.5) | 282 (71.6) | 108 (28.4) | 367 (72.2) | 135 (27.8) | ||||
| Use of UV-filter products within 3 months | < 0.001 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| None | 1,454 (82.8) | 294 (17.2) | 1,051 (76.0) | 328 (24.0) | 305 (82.3) | 64 (17.7) | ||||
| < 6 times a week | 561 (71.5) | 224 (28.5) | 176 (70.9) | 84 (29.1) | 403 (74.3) | 122 (25.7) | ||||
| ≥ 6 times a week | 832 (66.1) | 431 (33.9) | 106 (75.5) | 35 (24.5) | 804 (72.6) | 318 (27.4) | ||||
| Drinking from PET bottles | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Rarely | 796 (77.8) | 251 (22.2) | 304 (79.0) | 97 (21.0) | 496 (78.7) | 150 (21.3) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 2,051 (74.1) | 698 (25.9) | 1,029 (74.3) | 350 (25.7) | 1,016 (72.9) | 354 (27.1) | ||||
| Drinking from plastic bag | 0.237 | 0.250 | 0.013 | |||||||
| Rarely | 1,815 (74.8) | 609 (25.2) | 846 (74.8) | 294 (25.2) | 957 (73.8) | 327 (26.2) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 1,032 (75.4) | 340 (24.6) | 487 (75.9) | 153 (24.1) | 555 (76.3) | 177 (23.7) | ||||
| Use of clear plastic container for cooked food | 0.402 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |||||||
| Rarely | 2,227 (74.9) | 760 (25.1) | 1,053 (75.7) | 349 (24.3) | 1,182 (74.3) | 403 (25.7) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 620 (75.5) | 189 (24.5) | 280 (73.4) | 98 (26.6) | 330 (75.7) | 101 (24.3) | ||||
| Use of clear plastic container for boiling water | 0.002 | 0.160 | 0.001 | |||||||
| Rarely | 2,690 (74.7) | 904 (25.3) | 1,250 (75.0) | 423 (25.0) | 1,436 (74.1) | 485 (25.9) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 157 (80.4) | 45 (19.6) | 83 (77.1) | 24 (22.9) | 76 (85.4) | 19 (14.6) | ||||
| Consumption of crustacean | < 0.001 | 0.149 | 0.230 | |||||||
| Rarely | 1,452 (73.7) | 491 (26.3) | 664 (74.7) | 219 (25.3) | 793 (74.3) | 267 (25.7) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 1,395 (76.2) | 458 (23.8) | 669 (75.6) | 228 (24.4) | 719 (75.0) | 237 (25.0) | ||||
| Consumption of fish | 0.172 | 0.321 | 0.006 | |||||||
| Rarely | 271 (72.9) | 103 (27.1) | 125 (77.5) | 42 (22.5) | 146 (69.4) | 61 (30.6) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 2,576 (75.3) | 846 (24.7) | 1,208 (74.8) | 405 (25.2) | 1,366 (75.3) | 443 (24.7) | ||||
| Consumption of seaweed | 0.747 | 0.175 | 0.012 | |||||||
| Rarely | 174 (75.5) | 50 (24.5) | 100 (78.5) | 26 (21.5) | 113 (68.6) | 44 (31.4) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 2,673 (75.0) | 899 (25.0) | 1,233 (74.9) | 421 (25.1) | 1,399 (75.2) | 460 (24.8) | ||||
| Consumption of shellfish | 0.114 | 0.030 | 0.069 | |||||||
| Rarely | 1,315 (74.3) | 452 (25.7) | 583 (73.1) | 218 (26.9) | 731 (75.7) | 235 (24.3) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 1,532 (75.6) | 497 (24.4) | 750 (76.7) | 229 (23.3) | 781 (73.7) | 269 (26.3) | ||||
| Consumption of other seafood | 0.017 | 0.023 | 0.116 | |||||||
| Rarely | 1,088 (73.8) | 377 (26.2) | 471 (73.5) | 181 (26.5) | 608 (74.2) | 205 (25.8) | ||||
| ≥ Once a month | 1,759 (75.7) | 572 (24.3) | 862 (76.0) | 266 (24.0) | 904 (74.9) | 299 (25.1) | ||||
Data are shown as number (%) for categorical variables and as mean ± standard error for continuous variables.
BMI: body mass index; UV: ultraviolet; PET: polyethylene terephthalate.
aUnweighted count; bThe p-value by independent 2 sample t-test; cThe p-value by χ2 test.