TABLE 2.

Mechanisms and modulation of scutellarin for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

Inflammation-related Diseases	Mechanism of action	Trends in action	Refs
Pulmonary fibrosis	NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition and inflammation (−)	p-p65/p65, IκBα, NLRP3, CASP1, ASC, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMDN, FN, VIM, CDH2, MMP-2, MMP-9↓	Peng et al. (2020)
Osteoarthritis (OA)	Reverse collagen II and aggrecan degradation; Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways (−)	MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2↓	Luo et al. (2020)
	MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways (−)	MMP1, MMP13, ADAMTS-5, Wnt3a↓; COL2A1, ACAN↑	Liu et al. (2020b)
	TLR4/NF-κB pathways (−)	IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, SOD, MDA, ICAM-1, MCP-1, CASP3, Bax/Bcl-2, TLR4↓	Zhang et al. (2017)
	NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways (−)	IL-1β, iNOS, MMP13, ADAMTS-5, COX-2, IL-6↓	Wang et al. (2019)
	NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways (−)	MMP3, MMP9, MMP13, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5↓	Yang et al. (2022)
	PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways (−)	COL2A1, SOX9, IL-6 APOA1, ABCA1↑; MMP13, CH25H, CYP7B1, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, p-mTOR↓	Ju et al. (2021)
Colitis	pro-inflammatory cytokines (−); apoptosis and oxidative stress (−)	MDA, NO, IL-6, TNF-α, Bax↓; SOD, TAS, Bcl-2↑	Aksit et al. (2023)
Colitis-associated colorectal cancer	Hedgehog signaling pathway (−)	proliferation, migration, colony formation↓	Zeng et al. (2022)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)	Regulate the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathways	IgG, IgE, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Th1/Th2, HO-1↓; Keap1, Nrf2↑	Li et al. (2023a)
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage	Regulate MAPK signaling Pathway	TNF-α, IL-1β, p-JNK, p-p38, iNOS↓; p-ERK1/2↑	Chen et al. (2020a)
	PI3K/Akt pathway (+)	Nrf2, HO-1, SOD↑; ROS, NF-κB↓	Xie et al. (2023)
	Inflammatory responses and oxidative stress (−); MAPK/NF-κB pathways (−)	MDA, SOD, GSH, IL-6, IL-1β, NO, p65, p38↓	Zhang et al. (2022)
Renal ischemia–reperfusion injury	MAPK pathway (−); Pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization (−)	ERK, p38, JNK↓	Deng et al. (2024)
Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury	NLRP3 inflammasome activation (−); Akt/mTORC1/NLRP3 signaling pathways (−)	LDH, CK-MB, Myo, ALT, IL-1β, IL-18, cas1, IL-1β, NLRP3, TNF-α↓	Xu et al. (2020)
Cognitive deficits	Alleviate LPS-induced cognitive disturbances	AChE, TNF-α, IL-6, Nrf2, LC3 II, mTOR, P62↓	Baluchnejadmojarad et al. (2018)
Neuroinflammation-astrocyte	TLR4/NF-κB pathways (−)	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS↓; IL-4, BDNF↑	Lu et al. (2021)
Neuroinflammation-Macrophages	NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages (−)	CASP1, IL-1β↓	Liu et al. (2017b)
Neuroinflammation-microglia	Mitigate microglia inflammation; mir-7036a-5p/MAPT/PRKCG/ERK signaling pathways (−)	Mir-7036a-5p, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS↓	Duan et al. (2024)
	Neuroinflammation and microglia activation (−)	NLRP3, CASP1, IL-1β↓	Bian et al. (2020)
	Neuroinflammation (−); AKT/NF-κB and p38/JNK pathways (−)	TNF-α, NO, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS↓	You et al. (2018)
Neuroinflammation-microglia, astrocyte	Microglia inflammatory activation (−)	NO, TNF-α, IL-1, ROS, iNOS, NF-κB, JNK, ERK↓	Wang et al. (2011)
Kidney injury	Inflammation and oxidative stress (−); regulate Nrf2/PPAR-c/PGC-1a/NF-κB/TLR4 pathways	BUN, ROS, MDA, IL-10, TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α↓; Nrf2, HO-1↑	Shahmohammadi et al. (2023)
	NLRP3 inflammasome activation (−)	BUN, SCr, Kim-1, IL-18, NGAL, Cys-C↓	Li et al. (2020)
Asthma	Smad/MAPK pathways (−)	CDH1↑, CDH2, α-SMA↓	Li et al. (2024a)
Foam cell	Autophagy (+); NLRP3 inflammasome activation (−)	Plin2, LC3B-II, Map1lc3b, Becn1↑	Gao et al. (2024)
Intervertebral disc degeneration	Regulate Rab8a via the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway	p62↓, Beclin-1, Rab8a, ATG5↑	Hu et al. (2022)
	NLRP3 inflammasome activation (−); NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways (−)	p-p38, p-JNK↓; p-ERK1/2↑	Wang et al. (2022b)

Annotation “+”: activate; “-”: suppress; “↑”: increase/upregulated; “↓”: reduce/downregulate.