TABLE 1.

Characteristics of various generations of bisphosphonates.

Drugs name	Algebra	Features	Fracture impact points	Medication	Adaptation Type	Bibliography
Etidronate disodium	First Generation	Nitrogen-free simple structures Multiple adverse effects and inhibition of bone mineralization in patients		Oral 400 mg/day	Postmenopausal osteoporosis, age-related osteoporosis	Heaney and Saville (1976)
Disodium clodronate				Intravenous drip, oral 300 mg/day	Multiple types of osteoporosis	Moretti et al. (2021)
Pamidronate disodium	Second Generation	Contains amino acids Increased anti-bone resorption effect		Intravenous drip 30–60 mg/each time	Malignant tumor complicated by hypercalcemia, osteolytic cancer metastasis with bone pain type osteoporosis	Xu et al. (2017)
Alendronate sodium			Vertebral body, non-vertebral body, hip joint	Oral 10 mg/day	Postmenopausal osteoporosis, male osteoporosis, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis	Cummings et al. (2020)
Zoledronic sodium	Third Generation	Heterocyclic or containing saturated hydrocarbon chains Strong anti-bone resorption effect, safe for clinical application	Vertebral body, non-vertebral body, hip joint	Intravenous injection 5 mg/year	Male osteoporosis, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, bone metastasis from malignant tumors	Harding et al. (2010)
Risedronate sodium			Vertebral body, non-vertebral body, hip joint	Oral 5 mg/day	Postmenopausal osteoporosis, glucocorticosteroid osteoporosis	McClung and Ebetino (2020)
Ibandronate sodium			Spine	Oral, intravenous injection 2.5 mg/day	Postmenopausal osteoporosis	Keating (2016)