TABLE 2.

Clinically used anti-osteoporosis drugs.

Classification	Drug type	Representative drugs	Scope of adaptation	Adverse reactions	Bibliography
Bone formation promoting drugs	Fluoride	Disodium fluorophosphate	Postmenopausal osteoporosis; some secondary osteoporosis	High concentrations are likely to cause bone cancer and neuroarthritis	Haguenauer et al. (2000)
	Parathyroid hormone-like compounds	Teriparatide	Postmenopausal osteoporosis; reduced risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures	Orthostatic hypotension, tingling sensation in the extremities	Blick et al. (2008)
	Statins	Simvastatin	Osteoporosis in combination with cardiovascular disease	Liver injury	Wu et al. (2020)
	Androgen	Testosterone	Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in men	Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular injuries	Vescini et al. (2021)
	Strontium salt	Strontium ranelate	Postmenopausal osteoporosis; glucocorticoid osteoporosis; reduced risk of vertebral, non-vertebral, fragility fractures	Myocardial infarction, thromboembolism, DRESS syndrome	O Donnell et al. (2006)
Bone resorption inhibiting drugs	Calcitonin	Salmon calcitonin	Men and postmenopausal osteoporosis; reduced risk of vertebral fracture	Allergic reactions, hypocalcemia	Henriksen et al. (2010)
	Estrogenic	Raloxifene	Postmenopausal osteoporosis; reduced risk of vertebral fracture	Thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal reactions	D Amelio and Isaia (2013)
	Bisphosphonates	Alendronate sodium		Skeletal muscle pain	Cummings et al. (2020)
Bone nutrition drugs	Calcium	Calcium carbonate	Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis	Constipation, hypercalcemia
	Vitamin D and its derivatives	Vitamin D3	Preventing and treating osteoporosis; combining calcium supplements to reduce fracture risk		Avenell et al. (2014)
	Vitamin K	Osteotriol	Postmenopausal osteoporosis; reduced risk of vertebral fracture	Hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia	Lanham-New (2008)